Optimizing modulo scheduling to achieve reuse and concurrency for stream processors
Both reuse and concurrency are performance-critical for stream processors. When applying loop unrolling and software pipelining separately to stream-level loops, either reuse or concurrency or both may be inadequately exploited. In this paper, we optimize modulo scheduling to maximize stream reuse a...
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| Vydané v: | The Journal of supercomputing Ročník 59; číslo 3; s. 1229 - 1251 |
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| Hlavní autori: | , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | English |
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01.03.2012
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| ISSN: | 0920-8542, 1573-0484 |
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| Abstract | Both reuse and concurrency are performance-critical for stream processors. When applying loop unrolling and software pipelining separately to stream-level loops, either reuse or concurrency or both may be inadequately exploited. In this paper, we optimize modulo scheduling to maximize stream reuse and improve concurrency for stream-level loops. The key insight is that an unrolled and software-pipelined stream-level loop could be described by a set of reuse equations. Guided by reuse equations, a reuse-aware modulo scheduling algorithm is developed to simultaneously optimize the two performance objectives, reuse, and concurrency, for a loop in a unified framework. Moreover, we describe a code generation algorithm to automatically produce the optimized loop from a given loop. The experimental results obtained on FT64 and by simulation demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. |
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| AbstractList | Both reuse and concurrency are performance-critical for stream processors. When applying loop unrolling and software pipelining separately to stream-level loops, either reuse or concurrency or both may be inadequately exploited. In this paper, we optimize modulo scheduling to maximize stream reuse and improve concurrency for stream-level loops. The key insight is that an unrolled and software-pipelined stream-level loop could be described by a set of reuse equations. Guided by reuse equations, a reuse-aware modulo scheduling algorithm is developed to simultaneously optimize the two performance objectives, reuse, and concurrency, for a loop in a unified framework. Moreover, we describe a code generation algorithm to automatically produce the optimized loop from a given loop. The experimental results obtained on FT64 and by simulation demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. |
| Author | Xue, Jingling Wang, Li Yang, Xuejun |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Li surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Li email: dragonylffly@163.com organization: School of Computer, National University of Defense Technology – sequence: 2 givenname: Jingling surname: Xue fullname: Xue, Jingling organization: School of Computer Science and Engineering, UNSW – sequence: 3 givenname: Xuejun surname: Yang fullname: Yang, Xuejun organization: School of Computer, National University of Defense Technology |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1109/PACT.2004.1342560 10.1145/1362622.1362647 10.1145/1542452.1542454 10.1109/MICRO.1995.476842 10.1145/1128022.1128027 10.1145/113445.113449 10.1007/s11227-008-0208-y 10.1007/s11227-008-0186-0 10.1145/1048935.1050187 10.1145/774789.774805 10.1109/PACT.1996.554030 10.1145/1152154.1152164 10.1109/MICRO.2005.32 10.1145/1375657.1375679 10.1145/1839667.1839673 10.1109/ICCD.2002.1106785 10.1145/192724.192731 10.1145/1346281.1346319 10.1145/224538.224542 10.1145/1375581.1375596 10.1007/s11227-008-0192-2 10.1145/1015706.1015800 10.1145/1250662.1250707 10.1145/1250662.1250689 |
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| Keywords | Stream register file Stream programming model Stream processor Software pipelining Loop unrolling |
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| References | RauBRIterative modulo scheduling: an algorithm for software pipelining loopsMICRO-27: proceedings of the 27th annual international symposium on microarchitecture1994637410.1145/192724.192731 WolfMELamMSA data locality optimizing algorithmPLDI ’91: proceedings of the 1991 conference on programming language design and implementation1991304410.1145/113445.113449 WangLYangXXueJReuse-aware modulo scheduling for stream processorsDATE ’10: proceedings of the conference on design, automation and test in Europe201011121117 YangXYanXXingZDengYJiangJZhangYA 64-bit stream processor architecture for scientific applicationsISCA ’07: proceedings of the 34th annual international symposium on computer architecture2007New YorkACM Press21021910.1145/1250662.1250689 KudlurMMahlkeSOrchestrating the execution of stream programs on multicore platformsPLDI ’08: proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGPLAN conference on programming language design and implementation2008New YorkACM Press11412410.1145/1375581.1375596 DasADallyWJMattsonPCompiling for stream processingPACT ’06: proceedings of the 15th international conference on parallel architectures and compilation techniques2006New YorkACM Press334210.1145/1152154.1152164 LaveryDMHwuWMWUnrolling-based optimizations for modulo schedulingMICRO-28: proceedings of the 28th annual international symposium on microarchitecture199532733710.1109/MICRO.1995.476842 StotzerEJLeissELModulo scheduling without overlapped lifetimesLCTES ’09: proceedings of the 2009 ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED conference on languages, compilers, and tools for embedded systems2009New YorkACM Press11010.1145/1542452.1542454 MakinoJHirakiKInabaMGRAPE-DR: 2-Pflops massively-parallel computer with 512-core, 512-Gflops processor chips for scientific computingSC ’07: proceedings of the 2007 ACM/IEEE conference on supercomputing2007New YorkACM Press11110.1145/1362622.1362647 AMD (2006) AMD FireStream Stream Processor. http://atiamdcom/products/streamprocessor/specshtml BarkerKJDavisKHoisieAKerbysonDJLangMPakinSSanchoJCEntering the petaflop era: the architecture and performance of roadrunnerSC ’08: proceedings of the 2008 ACM/IEEE conference on supercomputing2008111 DimitroulakosGKostarasNGalanisMDGoutisCECompiler assisted architectural exploration framework for coarse grained reconfigurable arraysJ Supercomput20094811515110.1007/s11227-008-0208-y WangLYangXXueJDengYYanXTangTNguyenQHOptimizing scientific application loops on stream processorsLCTES ’08: proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGPLAN-SIGBED conference on languages, compilers, and tools for embedded systems2008New YorkACM Press16117010.1145/1375657.1375679 BanakarRSteinkeSLeeBSBalakrishnanMMarwedelPScratchpad memory: design alternative for cache on-chip memory in embedded systemsCODES ’02: proceedings of the tenth international symposium on hardware/software codesign2002New YorkACM Press737810.1145/774789.774805 OwensJDKapasiUJMattsonPTowlesBSerebrinBRixnerSDallyWJMedia processing applications on the imagine stream processorICCD ’02 proceedings of the 2002 IEEE international conference on computer design: VLSI in computers and processors2002WashingtonIEEE Computer Society29530210.1109/ICCD.2002.1106785 LabonteFMattsonPThiesWBuckIKozyrakisCHorowitzMThe stream virtual machinePACT ’04: proceedings of the 13th international conference on parallel architectures and compilation techniques200426727710.1109/PACT.2004.1342560 YangXDuJYanXDengYMatrix-based streamization approach for improving locality and parallelism on ft64 stream processorJ Supercomput20094717119710.1007/s11227-008-0186-0 LeverichJArakidaHSolomatnikovAFiroozshahianAHorowitzMKozyrakisCComparing memory systems for chip multiprocessorsISCA ’07: proceedings of the 34th annual international symposium on computer architecture2007New YorkACM Press35836810.1145/1250662.1250707 XueJHuangCHReuse-driven tiling for data localityLCPC ’97: proceedings of the 10th workshop on languages and compilers for parallel computing1997BerlinSpringer1633 Thies W, Karczmarek M, Gordon M, Maze D, Wong J, Ho H, Brown M, Amarasinghe S (2001) StreamIt: a compiler for streaming applications. MIT-LCS Technical Memo TM-622 LiHZhangCLiLRenJTransform coding on programmable stream processorsJ Supercomput200845668710.1007/s11227-008-0192-2 YangXZhangYLuXXueJRogersILiGWangGFangXExploiting the reuse supplied by loop-dependent stream references for stream processorsACM Trans Archit Code Optim201071113510.1145/1839667.1839673 EichenbergerAEDavidsonESAbrahamSGOptimum modulo schedules for minimum register requirementsICS ’95: proceedings of the 9th international conference on supercomputing1995New YorkACM Press314010.1145/224538.224542 DallyWJLabonteFDasAHanrahanPMerrimac: supercomputing with streamsSC ’03: proceedings of the 2003 ACM/IEEE conference on supercomputing2003WashingtonIEEE Computer Society354210.1145/1048935.1050187 LlosaJSwing modulo scheduling: a lifetime-sensitive approachPACT ’96: proceedings of the 1996 conference on parallel architectures and compilation techniques1996WashingtonIEEE Computer Society808610.1109/PACT.1996.554030 NVIDIA (2009) CUDA Architecture Overview. http://developerdownloadnvidiacom/compute/cuda/docs/CUDA_Architecture_Overviewpdf GummarajuJCoburnJTurnerYRosenblumMStreamware: programming general-purpose multicore processors using streamsASPLOS XIII: proceedings of the 13th international conference on architectural support for programming languages and operating systems2008New YorkACM Press29730710.1145/1346281.1346319 GummarajuJRosenblumMStream programming on general-purpose processorsMICRO 38: proceedings of the 38th annual IEEE/ACM international symposium on microarchitecture2005WashingtonIEEE Computer Society343354 CuvilloJZhuWZiangHGaoGFAST: a functionally accurate simulation toolset for the Cyclops64 cellular architectureMoBS ’05: workshop on modeling, benchmarking, and simulation2005New YorkACM Press1120 BuckIFoleyTHornDSugermanJFatahalianKHoustonMHanrahanPBrook for gpus: stream computing on graphics hardwareACM Trans Graph200423377778610.1145/1015706.1015800 WilliamsSShalfJOlikerLKamilSHusbandsPYelickKThe potential of the cell processor for scientific computingCF ’06: proceedings of the 3rd conference on computing frontiers2006New YorkACM Press92010.1145/1128022.1128027 R Banakar (522_CR2) 2002 F Labonte (522_CR13) 2004 WJ Dally (522_CR6) 2003 X Yang (522_CR30) 2009; 47 J Gummaraju (522_CR11) 2008 EJ Stotzer (522_CR22) 2009 J Llosa (522_CR17) 1996 A Das (522_CR7) 2006 AE Eichenberger (522_CR9) 1995 BR Rau (522_CR21) 1994 J Makino (522_CR18) 2007 X Yang (522_CR31) 2010; 7 J Xue (522_CR28) 1997 DM Lavery (522_CR14) 1995 522_CR19 L Wang (522_CR24) 2008 J Gummaraju (522_CR10) 2005 M Kudlur (522_CR12) 2008 KJ Barker (522_CR3) 2008 J Leverich (522_CR15) 2007 J Cuvillo (522_CR5) 2005 522_CR1 I Buck (522_CR4) 2004; 23 H Li (522_CR16) 2008; 45 L Wang (522_CR25) 2010 X Yang (522_CR29) 2007 522_CR23 S Williams (522_CR26) 2006 G Dimitroulakos (522_CR8) 2009; 48 ME Wolf (522_CR27) 1991 JD Owens (522_CR20) 2002 |
| References_xml | – reference: KudlurMMahlkeSOrchestrating the execution of stream programs on multicore platformsPLDI ’08: proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGPLAN conference on programming language design and implementation2008New YorkACM Press11412410.1145/1375581.1375596 – reference: WangLYangXXueJReuse-aware modulo scheduling for stream processorsDATE ’10: proceedings of the conference on design, automation and test in Europe201011121117 – reference: LaveryDMHwuWMWUnrolling-based optimizations for modulo schedulingMICRO-28: proceedings of the 28th annual international symposium on microarchitecture199532733710.1109/MICRO.1995.476842 – reference: GummarajuJRosenblumMStream programming on general-purpose processorsMICRO 38: proceedings of the 38th annual IEEE/ACM international symposium on microarchitecture2005WashingtonIEEE Computer Society343354 – reference: LlosaJSwing modulo scheduling: a lifetime-sensitive approachPACT ’96: proceedings of the 1996 conference on parallel architectures and compilation techniques1996WashingtonIEEE Computer Society808610.1109/PACT.1996.554030 – reference: XueJHuangCHReuse-driven tiling for data localityLCPC ’97: proceedings of the 10th workshop on languages and compilers for parallel computing1997BerlinSpringer1633 – reference: NVIDIA (2009) CUDA Architecture Overview. http://developerdownloadnvidiacom/compute/cuda/docs/CUDA_Architecture_Overviewpdf – reference: BanakarRSteinkeSLeeBSBalakrishnanMMarwedelPScratchpad memory: design alternative for cache on-chip memory in embedded systemsCODES ’02: proceedings of the tenth international symposium on hardware/software codesign2002New YorkACM Press737810.1145/774789.774805 – reference: DallyWJLabonteFDasAHanrahanPMerrimac: supercomputing with streamsSC ’03: proceedings of the 2003 ACM/IEEE conference on supercomputing2003WashingtonIEEE Computer Society354210.1145/1048935.1050187 – reference: BuckIFoleyTHornDSugermanJFatahalianKHoustonMHanrahanPBrook for gpus: stream computing on graphics hardwareACM Trans Graph200423377778610.1145/1015706.1015800 – reference: RauBRIterative modulo scheduling: an algorithm for software pipelining loopsMICRO-27: proceedings of the 27th annual international symposium on microarchitecture1994637410.1145/192724.192731 – reference: YangXYanXXingZDengYJiangJZhangYA 64-bit stream processor architecture for scientific applicationsISCA ’07: proceedings of the 34th annual international symposium on computer architecture2007New YorkACM Press21021910.1145/1250662.1250689 – reference: CuvilloJZhuWZiangHGaoGFAST: a functionally accurate simulation toolset for the Cyclops64 cellular architectureMoBS ’05: workshop on modeling, benchmarking, and simulation2005New YorkACM Press1120 – reference: MakinoJHirakiKInabaMGRAPE-DR: 2-Pflops massively-parallel computer with 512-core, 512-Gflops processor chips for scientific computingSC ’07: proceedings of the 2007 ACM/IEEE conference on supercomputing2007New YorkACM Press11110.1145/1362622.1362647 – reference: WolfMELamMSA data locality optimizing algorithmPLDI ’91: proceedings of the 1991 conference on programming language design and implementation1991304410.1145/113445.113449 – reference: WangLYangXXueJDengYYanXTangTNguyenQHOptimizing scientific application loops on stream processorsLCTES ’08: proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGPLAN-SIGBED conference on languages, compilers, and tools for embedded systems2008New YorkACM Press16117010.1145/1375657.1375679 – reference: LiHZhangCLiLRenJTransform coding on programmable stream processorsJ Supercomput200845668710.1007/s11227-008-0192-2 – reference: DimitroulakosGKostarasNGalanisMDGoutisCECompiler assisted architectural exploration framework for coarse grained reconfigurable arraysJ Supercomput20094811515110.1007/s11227-008-0208-y – reference: LabonteFMattsonPThiesWBuckIKozyrakisCHorowitzMThe stream virtual machinePACT ’04: proceedings of the 13th international conference on parallel architectures and compilation techniques200426727710.1109/PACT.2004.1342560 – reference: LeverichJArakidaHSolomatnikovAFiroozshahianAHorowitzMKozyrakisCComparing memory systems for chip multiprocessorsISCA ’07: proceedings of the 34th annual international symposium on computer architecture2007New YorkACM Press35836810.1145/1250662.1250707 – reference: DasADallyWJMattsonPCompiling for stream processingPACT ’06: proceedings of the 15th international conference on parallel architectures and compilation techniques2006New YorkACM Press334210.1145/1152154.1152164 – reference: YangXDuJYanXDengYMatrix-based streamization approach for improving locality and parallelism on ft64 stream processorJ Supercomput20094717119710.1007/s11227-008-0186-0 – reference: StotzerEJLeissELModulo scheduling without overlapped lifetimesLCTES ’09: proceedings of the 2009 ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED conference on languages, compilers, and tools for embedded systems2009New YorkACM Press11010.1145/1542452.1542454 – reference: GummarajuJCoburnJTurnerYRosenblumMStreamware: programming general-purpose multicore processors using streamsASPLOS XIII: proceedings of the 13th international conference on architectural support for programming languages and operating systems2008New YorkACM Press29730710.1145/1346281.1346319 – reference: YangXZhangYLuXXueJRogersILiGWangGFangXExploiting the reuse supplied by loop-dependent stream references for stream processorsACM Trans Archit Code Optim201071113510.1145/1839667.1839673 – reference: EichenbergerAEDavidsonESAbrahamSGOptimum modulo schedules for minimum register requirementsICS ’95: proceedings of the 9th international conference on supercomputing1995New YorkACM Press314010.1145/224538.224542 – reference: AMD (2006) AMD FireStream Stream Processor. http://atiamdcom/products/streamprocessor/specshtml – reference: BarkerKJDavisKHoisieAKerbysonDJLangMPakinSSanchoJCEntering the petaflop era: the architecture and performance of roadrunnerSC ’08: proceedings of the 2008 ACM/IEEE conference on supercomputing2008111 – reference: Thies W, Karczmarek M, Gordon M, Maze D, Wong J, Ho H, Brown M, Amarasinghe S (2001) StreamIt: a compiler for streaming applications. MIT-LCS Technical Memo TM-622 – reference: OwensJDKapasiUJMattsonPTowlesBSerebrinBRixnerSDallyWJMedia processing applications on the imagine stream processorICCD ’02 proceedings of the 2002 IEEE international conference on computer design: VLSI in computers and processors2002WashingtonIEEE Computer Society29530210.1109/ICCD.2002.1106785 – reference: WilliamsSShalfJOlikerLKamilSHusbandsPYelickKThe potential of the cell processor for scientific computingCF ’06: proceedings of the 3rd conference on computing frontiers2006New YorkACM Press92010.1145/1128022.1128027 – start-page: 267 volume-title: PACT ’04: proceedings of the 13th international conference on parallel architectures and compilation techniques year: 2004 ident: 522_CR13 doi: 10.1109/PACT.2004.1342560 – ident: 522_CR23 – start-page: 1 volume-title: SC ’07: proceedings of the 2007 ACM/IEEE conference on supercomputing year: 2007 ident: 522_CR18 doi: 10.1145/1362622.1362647 – ident: 522_CR19 – start-page: 1 volume-title: LCTES ’09: proceedings of the 2009 ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED conference on languages, compilers, and tools for embedded systems year: 2009 ident: 522_CR22 doi: 10.1145/1542452.1542454 – start-page: 327 volume-title: MICRO-28: proceedings of the 28th annual international symposium on microarchitecture year: 1995 ident: 522_CR14 doi: 10.1109/MICRO.1995.476842 – ident: 522_CR1 – start-page: 9 volume-title: CF ’06: proceedings of the 3rd conference on computing frontiers year: 2006 ident: 522_CR26 doi: 10.1145/1128022.1128027 – start-page: 30 volume-title: PLDI ’91: proceedings of the 1991 conference on programming language design and implementation year: 1991 ident: 522_CR27 doi: 10.1145/113445.113449 – volume: 48 start-page: 115 year: 2009 ident: 522_CR8 publication-title: J Supercomput doi: 10.1007/s11227-008-0208-y – volume: 47 start-page: 171 year: 2009 ident: 522_CR30 publication-title: J Supercomput doi: 10.1007/s11227-008-0186-0 – start-page: 35 volume-title: SC ’03: proceedings of the 2003 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| Title | Optimizing modulo scheduling to achieve reuse and concurrency for stream processors |
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