Structured Watermarks for Structured Software

Software watermarking involves integrating an identifier within the software, enabling timely retrieval to disclose authorship/ownership, and deter piracy. Various software watermarking schemes have been proposed in the literature, many of which involve statically embedding an encoded identifier int...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:SN computer science Vol. 5; no. 5; p. 568
Main Authors: Bento, Lucila M. S., Boccardo, Davidson R., Machado, Raphael C. S., Pereira de Sá, Vinícius G., Szwarcfiter, Jayme L.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Singapore Springer Nature Singapore 01.06.2024
Springer Nature B.V
Subjects:
Algorithms
Computer Imaging
Computer program integrity
Computer Science
Computer Systems Organization and Communication Networks
Data Structures and Information Theory
Decoding
Embedding
Graphs
Information Systems and Communication Service
Original Research
Pattern Recognition and Graphics
Software
Software Engineering/Programming and Operating Systems
Vision
Watermarking
Structured code
Linear-time algorithms
Software watermarking
ISSN:2661-8907, 2662-995X, 2661-8907
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:Software watermarking involves integrating an identifier within the software, enabling timely retrieval to disclose authorship/ownership, and deter piracy. Various software watermarking schemes have been proposed in the literature, many of which involve statically embedding an encoded identifier into the control flow graph of the program. In this paper, we propose novel embedding and extraction algorithms characterized by four key features: randomization, generating watermarks with a size closely matching the number of bits in the identifier, implementing both encoding and decoding with linear time complexity, and, most importantly, generating watermarks that conform to structured code. We emphasize the capability to encode the same identifier as distinct graphs, coupled with the absence of cumbersome “GOTO”-like substructures, as enhancements to the stealthiness of our watermarks. This feature makes them more resilient to common forms of attack, contributing to their effectiveness in safeguarding software integrity and discouraging unauthorized use.
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ISSN:2661-8907
2662-995X
2661-8907
DOI:10.1007/s42979-024-02934-x