Analysis of transient electromagnetic fields in electromagnetic rail launcher using an adaptive recursive algorithm
•A dynamic electromagnetic field model for the H-shaped armature, considering geometry and skin effect.•An adaptive recursive algorithm is developed to improve computational efficiency and accuracy.•The method achieves an armature muzzle velocity error below 2.28%, demonstrating high precision.•Expe...
Saved in:
| Published in: | Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials Vol. 622; p. 172955 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier B.V
15.06.2025
|
| Subjects: | |
| ISSN: | 0304-8853 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| Abstract | •A dynamic electromagnetic field model for the H-shaped armature, considering geometry and skin effect.•An adaptive recursive algorithm is developed to improve computational efficiency and accuracy.•The method achieves an armature muzzle velocity error below 2.28%, demonstrating high precision.•Experimental validation demonstrates the effectiveness and reliability of the model and solution method.
Modeling the electromagnetic rail launch is a critical aspect that provides solid theoretical support for the design and optimization of launch systems. This paper comprehensively considers factors such as armature shape, rail shape, and the skin effect of current to establish a dynamic electromagnetic field model for an H-shaped armature in electromagnetic rail launch. To achieve efficient solutions, an adaptive recursive numerical analysis method is proposed. This method recursively segments the integration intervals of various variables and employs adaptive Simpson’s numerical integration for regression once the integration nodes are determined. This successfully enables the rapid resolution of the dynamic electromagnetic field model, yielding a time-varying inductance gradient. Subsequently, the Runge-Kutta method is used to calculate the velocity and displacement curves of the armature. Experimental validation of the model indicates a 2.28% error in the calculated muzzle velocity of the armature and a maximum error of 4.48% during the launch process. These results strongly validate the proposed model and the adaptive recursive numerical analysis method, providing strong evidence for theoretical analysis in electromagnetic launch technology. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | •A dynamic electromagnetic field model for the H-shaped armature, considering geometry and skin effect.•An adaptive recursive algorithm is developed to improve computational efficiency and accuracy.•The method achieves an armature muzzle velocity error below 2.28%, demonstrating high precision.•Experimental validation demonstrates the effectiveness and reliability of the model and solution method.
Modeling the electromagnetic rail launch is a critical aspect that provides solid theoretical support for the design and optimization of launch systems. This paper comprehensively considers factors such as armature shape, rail shape, and the skin effect of current to establish a dynamic electromagnetic field model for an H-shaped armature in electromagnetic rail launch. To achieve efficient solutions, an adaptive recursive numerical analysis method is proposed. This method recursively segments the integration intervals of various variables and employs adaptive Simpson’s numerical integration for regression once the integration nodes are determined. This successfully enables the rapid resolution of the dynamic electromagnetic field model, yielding a time-varying inductance gradient. Subsequently, the Runge-Kutta method is used to calculate the velocity and displacement curves of the armature. Experimental validation of the model indicates a 2.28% error in the calculated muzzle velocity of the armature and a maximum error of 4.48% during the launch process. These results strongly validate the proposed model and the adaptive recursive numerical analysis method, providing strong evidence for theoretical analysis in electromagnetic launch technology. |
| ArticleNumber | 172955 |
| Author | Zhang, Yu-ting Wang, Zhen-chun |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Yu-ting surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Yu-ting organization: Intelligent control system and intelligent equipment engineering center of the Ministry of education, Hebei Province, Qinhuangdao 066004, China – sequence: 2 givenname: Zhen-chun surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Zhen-chun email: zcwang@ysu.edu.cn organization: Intelligent control system and intelligent equipment engineering center of the Ministry of education, Hebei Province, Qinhuangdao 066004, China |
| BookMark | eNp9kMtqwzAQRbVIoUnbH-hKP2B3ZFu2At2E0BcEumnXQpbGiYwsB0kJ5O9rk-4KXc3AcIZ7z4os_OiRkEcGOQNWP_V5PwxDXkDBc9YUa84XZAklVJkQvLwlqxh7AGCVqJckbrxyl2gjHTuagvLRok8UHeoUxkHtPSaraWfRmUit_3MJyjrq1MnrAwZ6itbvqfJUGXVM9ow0oD6FOG_K7cdg02G4JzedchEffucd-X59-dq-Z7vPt4_tZpdpJljKBHSMV2UNFSKA0iBKhJqXrOWKYcM4ViAaJgw3vDYcsWpxXWthGlZ0LbTlHSmuf3UYYwzYyWOwgwoXyUDOqmQvZ1VyViWvqibo-QrhlOxsMcioJyUajZ2qJGlG-x_-AwL3eSI |
| Cites_doi | 10.1109/TPS.2022.3205269 10.1109/TMAG.2002.805906 10.1016/j.dt.2018.07.022 10.1109/TPS.2017.2706719 10.1109/JSEN.2018.2872838 10.1109/TPS.2019.2907928 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3395926 10.1016/j.dt.2018.07.009 10.1109/ELT.2004.1398109 10.1016/j.dt.2019.12.007 10.1109/TPS.2020.3016930 10.1109/TPS.2013.2255627 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2025 Elsevier B.V. |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2025 Elsevier B.V. |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef |
| DatabaseTitleList | |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Physics |
| ExternalDocumentID | 10_1016_j_jmmm_2025_172955 S0304885325001866 |
| GroupedDBID | --K --M -~X .~1 0R~ 1B1 1RT 1~. 1~5 4.4 457 4G. 5GY 6OB 7-5 71M 8P~ 9JN AABNK AACTN AAEDT AAEDW AAIKJ AAKOC AALRI AAOAW AAQFI AATTM AAXKI AAXUO ABFNM ABMAC ABNEU ACDAQ ACFVG ACGFS ACIWK ACRLP ADBBV ADEZE AEBSH AEIPS AEKER AENEX AFJKZ AFTJW AFXIZ AGCQF AGUBO AGYEJ AHHHB AIEXJ AIKHN AITUG AIVDX AKRWK ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AMRAJ ANKPU APXCP AXJTR BKOJK BLXMC BNPGV CS3 DU5 EBS EFJIC EO8 EO9 EP2 EP3 F5P FDB FIRID FNPLU FYGXN G-Q GBLVA IHE J1W K-O KOM M41 MO0 N9A O-L O9- OAUVE OGIMB OZT P-8 P-9 P2P PC. Q38 RNS ROL RPZ SCU SDF SDG SDP SES SEW SPC SPCBC SPD SSH SSQ SSZ T5K XPP ZMT ~02 ~G- 29K 5VS 9DU AAQXK AAYWO AAYXX ABWVN ABXDB ACLOT ACNNM ACRPL ACVFH ADCNI ADMUD ADNMO AEUPX AFFNX AFPUW AGHFR AGQPQ AIGII AIIUN AKBMS AKYEP ASPBG AVWKF AZFZN BBWZM CITATION D-I EFKBS EFLBG EJD FGOYB G-2 HMV HZ~ M24 M38 NDZJH R2- SMS SPG WUQ XXG ~HD |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c181t-80f1543604ee00ac083e06531b5a1e715e408718d5d56d5ee4be96c8d712fb0b3 |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 0 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=001453354100001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 0304-8853 |
| IngestDate | Sat Nov 29 06:57:01 EST 2025 Sat Apr 26 15:41:32 EDT 2025 |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Keywords | H-shaped armature Adaptive recursive algorithm Numerical analysis Electromagnetic rail launch Dynamic electromagnetic field |
| Language | English |
| LinkModel | OpenURL |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c181t-80f1543604ee00ac083e06531b5a1e715e408718d5d56d5ee4be96c8d712fb0b3 |
| ParticipantIDs | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jmmm_2025_172955 elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_j_jmmm_2025_172955 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2025-06-15 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2025-06-15 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 06 year: 2025 text: 2025-06-15 day: 15 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationTitle | Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials |
| PublicationYear | 2025 |
| Publisher | Elsevier B.V |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Elsevier B.V |
| References | Yin, Zhang, Li (b0025) 2019; 15 Li, Lu, Cheng (b0100) 2021; 169 Cai, Feng, Yang (b0045) 2024; 12 Zhang, Cao, Li (b0090) 2018; 18 Grover (b0035) 2004 Tosun, Polat, Ceylan (b0065) 2020; 48 Li, Wang, Wang (b0095) 2017; 11 Zhang, Kou, Zheng (b0010) 2021 Zhu, Li (b0030) 2020; 16 Yang, Liu, Zhang (b0005) 2024 V. Thiagarajan, K. T. Hsieh. Investigation of a 3D Hybrid Finite Element/ Boundary Element Method for Electromagnetic Launch Applications and Validation using Semi- Analytical Solutions. 2004 12TH Symposium on Electromagnetic Launch Technology (2004) 375-380. Stankevic, Schneider, Balevicius (b0020) 2019; 41 Tang, Xu, Wan (b0015) 2018; 14 Nie, Han, Jiao (b0040) 2010; 36 An, Lee, Bae (b0070) 2017; 45 Lydia, Karpagam, Murugan (b0060) 2022; 37 Rip, Satapathy, Hsieh (b0080) 2003; 39 Liu, Guo, Zhang (b0085) 2019; 47 Peng, Wang, Nei (b0050) 2020; 35 Goyal, Khatait, Mukherjee (b0075) 2022; 50 Cai (10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0045) 2024; 12 Zhang (10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0010) 2021 Li (10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0100) 2021; 169 Tang (10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0015) 2018; 14 Lydia (10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0060) 2022; 37 Rip (10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0080) 2003; 39 Nie (10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0040) 2010; 36 Yang (10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0005) 2024 An (10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0070) 2017; 45 Goyal (10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0075) 2022; 50 Yin (10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0025) 2019; 15 Zhu (10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0030) 2020; 16 Grover (10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0035) 2004 Tosun (10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0065) 2020; 48 10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0055 Stankevic (10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0020) 2019; 41 Li (10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0095) 2017; 11 Peng (10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0050) 2020; 35 Liu (10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0085) 2019; 47 Zhang (10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0090) 2018; 18 |
| References_xml | – volume: 14 start-page: 628 year: 2018 end-page: 634 ident: b0015 article-title: Method of ballistic control and projectile rotation in a novel railgun publication-title: Defence Technol. – volume: 16 start-page: 747 year: 2020 end-page: 752 ident: b0030 article-title: Analysis of sliding electric contact characteristics in augmented railgun based on the combination of contact resistance and sliding friction coefficient publication-title: Defence Technol. – volume: 169 year: 2021 ident: b0100 article-title: A high precision in-bore velocity measurement system of railgun based on improved Bi-LSTM network publication-title: Measurement – year: 2021 ident: b0010 article-title: A multi-field coupling model for the magnetic-thermal-structural analysis in the electromagnetic rail launch publication-title: J. Magn. Magn. – volume: 45 start-page: 1635 year: 2017 end-page: 1638 ident: b0070 article-title: Numerical analysis of the transient inductance gradient of electromagnetic launcher using 2-D and 3-D finite-element methods publication-title: IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. – volume: 18 start-page: 9526 year: 2018 end-page: 9533 ident: b0090 article-title: Analysis of a measurement method for the railgun current and the armature’s speed and initial position publication-title: IEEE Sens. J. – volume: 50 start-page: 3468 year: 2022 end-page: 3472 ident: b0075 article-title: Design and analysis of hybrid armature for electromagnetic launch technology publication-title: IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., – volume: 48 start-page: 3220 year: 2020 end-page: 3228 ident: b0065 article-title: A hybrid simulation model for electromagnetic launchers including the transient inductance and electromotive force publication-title: IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. – reference: V. Thiagarajan, K. T. Hsieh. Investigation of a 3D Hybrid Finite Element/ Boundary Element Method for Electromagnetic Launch Applications and Validation using Semi- Analytical Solutions. 2004 12TH Symposium on Electromagnetic Launch Technology (2004) 375-380. – start-page: 35 year: 2004 ident: b0035 article-title: Inductance calculations: working formulas and tables – volume: 12 start-page: 62677 year: 2024 end-page: 62686 ident: b0045 article-title: Dynamic inductance gradient analysis of series-enhanced four-rail electromagnetic launcher publication-title: IEEE Access – volume: 41 start-page: 2790 year: 2019 end-page: 2795 ident: b0020 article-title: Effect of armature and rails resistivity profile on rail's electromagnetic force and armature velocity publication-title: IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. – volume: 15 start-page: 83 year: 2019 end-page: 88 ident: b0025 article-title: Analysis of in-bore magnetic field in C-shaped armature railguns publication-title: Defence Technol. – volume: 11 year: 2017 ident: b0095 article-title: Optimized design and damage suppression method for electromagnetic rail launchers publication-title: National Defense Industry Press – volume: 47 start-page: 2726 year: 2019 end-page: 2735 ident: b0085 article-title: Influence of contacting schemes on electromagnetic force and current density distribution in armature publication-title: IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. – volume: 37 start-page: 229 year: 2022 end-page: 237 ident: b0060 article-title: A novel technique for dynamic analysis of an electromagnetic rail launcher using FEM coupled with simplorer publication-title: Appl. Comput. Electromagn. Soc. J. – volume: 36 start-page: 728 year: 2010 end-page: 732 ident: b0040 article-title: Effect of rail-type electromagnetic launcher dimensions on inductance gradient publication-title: High Voltage Engineering – year: 2024 ident: b0005 article-title: Investigation of the influence mechanism of shield on the strong magnetic field during electromagnetic launch publication-title: J. Magn. Magn. – volume: 35 start-page: 4843 year: 2020 end-page: 4851 ident: b0050 article-title: Modeling and analysis of time-varying inductance gradient for electromagnetic rail launcher publication-title: Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society – volume: 39 start-page: 72 year: 2003 end-page: 75 ident: b0080 article-title: Effect of geometry change on the current density distribution in C-shaped armatures publication-title: IEEE Transactions on Magn., – volume: 50 start-page: 3468 issue: 10 year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0075 article-title: Design and analysis of hybrid armature for electromagnetic launch technology publication-title: IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., doi: 10.1109/TPS.2022.3205269 – volume: 169 issue: 7 year: 2021 ident: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0100 article-title: A high precision in-bore velocity measurement system of railgun based on improved Bi-LSTM network publication-title: Measurement – year: 2021 ident: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0010 article-title: A multi-field coupling model for the magnetic-thermal-structural analysis in the electromagnetic rail launch publication-title: J. Magn. Magn. – year: 2024 ident: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0005 article-title: Investigation of the influence mechanism of shield on the strong magnetic field during electromagnetic launch publication-title: J. Magn. Magn. – start-page: 35 year: 2004 ident: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0035 – volume: 39 start-page: 72 issue: 1 year: 2003 ident: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0080 article-title: Effect of geometry change on the current density distribution in C-shaped armatures publication-title: IEEE Transactions on Magn., doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2002.805906 – volume: 11 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0095 article-title: Optimized design and damage suppression method for electromagnetic rail launchers publication-title: National Defense Industry Press – volume: 14 start-page: 628 issue: 5 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0015 article-title: Method of ballistic control and projectile rotation in a novel railgun publication-title: Defence Technol. doi: 10.1016/j.dt.2018.07.022 – volume: 45 start-page: 1635 issue: 7 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0070 article-title: Numerical analysis of the transient inductance gradient of electromagnetic launcher using 2-D and 3-D finite-element methods publication-title: IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. doi: 10.1109/TPS.2017.2706719 – volume: 18 start-page: 9526 issue: 23 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0090 article-title: Analysis of a measurement method for the railgun current and the armature’s speed and initial position publication-title: IEEE Sens. J. doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2018.2872838 – volume: 47 start-page: 2726 issue: 5 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0085 article-title: Influence of contacting schemes on electromagnetic force and current density distribution in armature publication-title: IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. doi: 10.1109/TPS.2019.2907928 – volume: 37 start-page: 229 issue: 2 year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0060 article-title: A novel technique for dynamic analysis of an electromagnetic rail launcher using FEM coupled with simplorer publication-title: Appl. Comput. Electromagn. Soc. J. – volume: 12 start-page: 62677 year: 2024 ident: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0045 article-title: Dynamic inductance gradient analysis of series-enhanced four-rail electromagnetic launcher publication-title: IEEE Access doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3395926 – volume: 35 start-page: 4843 issue: 23 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0050 article-title: Modeling and analysis of time-varying inductance gradient for electromagnetic rail launcher publication-title: Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society – volume: 15 start-page: 83 issue: 1 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0025 article-title: Analysis of in-bore magnetic field in C-shaped armature railguns publication-title: Defence Technol. doi: 10.1016/j.dt.2018.07.009 – ident: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0055 doi: 10.1109/ELT.2004.1398109 – volume: 16 start-page: 747 issue: 4 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0030 article-title: Analysis of sliding electric contact characteristics in augmented railgun based on the combination of contact resistance and sliding friction coefficient publication-title: Defence Technol. doi: 10.1016/j.dt.2019.12.007 – volume: 48 start-page: 3220 issue: 9 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0065 article-title: A hybrid simulation model for electromagnetic launchers including the transient inductance and electromotive force publication-title: IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. doi: 10.1109/TPS.2020.3016930 – volume: 36 start-page: 728 issue: 3 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0040 article-title: Effect of rail-type electromagnetic launcher dimensions on inductance gradient publication-title: High Voltage Engineering – volume: 41 start-page: 2790 issue: 10 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955_b0020 article-title: Effect of armature and rails resistivity profile on rail's electromagnetic force and armature velocity publication-title: IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. doi: 10.1109/TPS.2013.2255627 |
| SSID | ssj0001486 |
| Score | 2.4684873 |
| Snippet | •A dynamic electromagnetic field model for the H-shaped armature, considering geometry and skin effect.•An adaptive recursive algorithm is developed to improve... |
| SourceID | crossref elsevier |
| SourceType | Index Database Publisher |
| StartPage | 172955 |
| SubjectTerms | Adaptive recursive algorithm Dynamic electromagnetic field Electromagnetic rail launch H-shaped armature Numerical analysis |
| Title | Analysis of transient electromagnetic fields in electromagnetic rail launcher using an adaptive recursive algorithm |
| URI | https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.172955 |
| Volume | 622 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos001453354100001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVESC databaseName: Elsevier SD Freedom Collection Journals 2021 issn: 0304-8853 databaseCode: AIEXJ dateStart: 19950101 customDbUrl: isFulltext: true dateEnd: 99991231 titleUrlDefault: https://www.sciencedirect.com omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0001486 providerName: Elsevier |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1di9NAFB20q-CL-InrF_PgW5glmcw0M4_LsqIii-AK1ZcwmUy2Le20pKnsz987H4mlVVHBl1AyZFLuPc2c3J5zB6E3edHwJstykrEmJ0yylFRaZoRqQbVkwGEzbxT-WFxciMlEfor6-Y3fTqCwVlxfy_V_TTWcg2Q76-xfpHuYFE7AZ0g6HCHtcPyjxO-2GencSuQcj0nc7maprqyzLSZeuea1sPsjrZotkoWC9c4JQLab4GJMVK3WXmbUugq9F72rxdWqnXXT5S8Ybpwy7sIx3AA4cojDQdH665Z0_VLqi_zh9LepsURPt3a3REG5k1IFk2aomx14Z4JfK2VEiNAquH8Wj4NJ-eC5HkoM85P5cunaB1B-AsRLhga_e_2yP7uJ3bxA7lLXzu82OqIFl2KEjk7fn08-DAs1vAmGv7LjF4meqiD_27_Tz3nLDhe5fIDuxxDj05D8h-iWsY_QXS_m1ZvHaNNDAK8aPEAA7yUaBwjgmT0YcRDAPQSwhwBWFvcQwAME8ACBJ-jL2_PLs3ckbq5BNJC6DphJA-w5H6fMmDRVGqi4cX2Ks4qrzBQZNyyFl2lR85qPa24Mq4wca1EXGW2qtMqfopFdWfMMYaoYbWqmYVgxQ3NlGg2s24haVmnOq2OU9KEr16GHStmLC-elC3TpAl2GQB8j3ke3jCwwsLsSwPCb657_43Uv0L0fmH2JRl27Na_QHf0dfh_t64iZGwvCh_0 |
| linkProvider | Elsevier |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+transient+electromagnetic+fields+in+electromagnetic+rail+launcher+using+an+adaptive+recursive+algorithm&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+magnetism+and+magnetic+materials&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Yu-ting&rft.au=Wang%2C+Zhen-chun&rft.date=2025-06-15&rft.pub=Elsevier+B.V&rft.issn=0304-8853&rft.volume=622&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.jmmm.2025.172955&rft.externalDocID=S0304885325001866 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0304-8853&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0304-8853&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0304-8853&client=summon |