Online refueling policy for liner ships with offline learning

•We model online refueling in liner shipping with distribution-free fuel prices as a finite-time MDP via Bellman equation.•We design a Bayesian GM model to predict fuel prices, capturing spatio-temporal port correlations for adaptive refueling.•We propose an approximate dynamic programming method us...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	European journal of operational research
Main Authors:	Liu, Haitao, Liang, Jinpeng, Li, Liming, Tan, Zhijia
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Elsevier B.V 01.11.2025
Subjects:	Approximate dynamic programming Bunker management Gaussian mixture model Gaussian process Liner shipping Approximate dynamic programming Liner shipping Gaussian process Bunker management Gaussian mixture model
ISSN:	0377-2217
Online Access:	Get full text
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