Comparative investigation of the transport and deposition of nebulized particles in pediatric mouth-throat airways with tonsil hypertrophy at different severity levels
[Display omitted] Pediatric allergic asthma necessitates efficient aerosol drug delivery through the mouth-throat (MT) airway. Tonsil hypertrophy (TH), a common comorbidity, causes oropharyngeal obstruction, potentially compromising inhalation therapy. This study quantitatively investigated the impa...
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| Published in: | International journal of pharmaceutics Vol. 686; p. 126365 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier B.V
25.12.2025
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| ISSN: | 0378-5173, 1873-3476, 1873-3476 |
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| Abstract | [Display omitted]
Pediatric allergic asthma necessitates efficient aerosol drug delivery through the mouth-throat (MT) airway. Tonsil hypertrophy (TH), a common comorbidity, causes oropharyngeal obstruction, potentially compromising inhalation therapy. This study quantitatively investigated the impact of TH severity on lung delivery of nebulized aerosols.
Five patient-specific pediatric MT models were reconstructed from computed tomography (CT) scans of grade IV TH (IV-TH) patients. For each model, four virtual severities (I-TH to IV-TH) and a post-tonsillectomy “Normal” model were created, representing 0 % to > 75 % oropharyngeal obstruction. Airflow and particle transport were simulated using computational fluid-particle dynamics (CFPD) approach at inhalation rates of 8–15 L/min, with particle sizes ranging from 1 to 30 μm.
Increasing TH severity progressively narrowed the oropharynx, elevating airway resistance and altering deposition patterns. The optimal particle size for targeted drug delivery decreased with worsening obstruction. In IV-TH models, droplets in the 13–30 μm range achieved over 75 % of the maximum deposition efficiency in the tonsillar target region. The drug delivery rate through the MT airways exhibited significant inter-subject variability (up to ∼ 25 %), directly correlated with the degree of oropharyngeal narrowing.
The findings of this study demonstrate that the severity of tonsillar hypertrophy strongly influences the deposition patterns of nebulized aerosols, highlighting the need for approach. a precision medicine approach. For children with IV-TH, larger particles (13–30 μm) are optimal for targeting the oropharyngeal region, while less obstructed airways require finer aerosols for lung delivery. These findings provide an aerodynamic basis for tailoring inhalation therapy to individual pediatric airway anatomy. |
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| AbstractList | Pediatric allergic asthma necessitates efficient aerosol drug delivery through the mouth-throat (MT) airway. Tonsil hypertrophy (TH), a common comorbidity, causes oropharyngeal obstruction, potentially compromising inhalation therapy. This study quantitatively investigated the impact of TH severity on lung delivery of nebulized aerosols.
Five patient-specific pediatric MT models were reconstructed from computed tomography (CT) scans of grade IV TH (IV-TH) patients. For each model, four virtual severities (I-TH to IV-TH) and a post-tonsillectomy "Normal" model were created, representing 0 % to > 75 % oropharyngeal obstruction. Airflow and particle transport were simulated using computational fluid-particle dynamics (CFPD) approach at inhalation rates of 8-15 L/min, with particle sizes ranging from 1 to 30 μm.
Increasing TH severity progressively narrowed the oropharynx, elevating airway resistance and altering deposition patterns. The optimal particle size for targeted drug delivery decreased with worsening obstruction. In IV-TH models, droplets in the 13-30 μm range achieved over 75 % of the maximum deposition efficiency in the tonsillar target region. The drug delivery rate through the MT airways exhibited significant inter-subject variability (up to ∼ 25 %), directly correlated with the degree of oropharyngeal narrowing.
The findings of this study demonstrate that the severity of tonsillar hypertrophy strongly influences the deposition patterns of nebulized aerosols, highlighting the need for approach. a precision medicine approach. For children with IV-TH, larger particles (13-30 μm) are optimal for targeting the oropharyngeal region, while less obstructed airways require finer aerosols for lung delivery. These findings provide an aerodynamic basis for tailoring inhalation therapy to individual pediatric airway anatomy. Pediatric allergic asthma necessitates efficient aerosol drug delivery through the mouth-throat (MT) airway. Tonsil hypertrophy (TH), a common comorbidity, causes oropharyngeal obstruction, potentially compromising inhalation therapy. This study quantitatively investigated the impact of TH severity on lung delivery of nebulized aerosols METHODS: Five patient-specific pediatric MT models were reconstructed from computed tomography (CT) scans of grade IV TH (IV-TH) patients. For each model, four virtual severities (I-TH to IV-TH) and a post-tonsillectomy "Normal" model were created, representing 0 % to > 75 % oropharyngeal obstruction. Airflow and particle transport were simulated using computational fluid-particle dynamics (CFPD) approach at inhalation rates of 8-15 L/min, with particle sizes ranging from 1 to 30 μm.BACKGROUNDPediatric allergic asthma necessitates efficient aerosol drug delivery through the mouth-throat (MT) airway. Tonsil hypertrophy (TH), a common comorbidity, causes oropharyngeal obstruction, potentially compromising inhalation therapy. This study quantitatively investigated the impact of TH severity on lung delivery of nebulized aerosols METHODS: Five patient-specific pediatric MT models were reconstructed from computed tomography (CT) scans of grade IV TH (IV-TH) patients. For each model, four virtual severities (I-TH to IV-TH) and a post-tonsillectomy "Normal" model were created, representing 0 % to > 75 % oropharyngeal obstruction. Airflow and particle transport were simulated using computational fluid-particle dynamics (CFPD) approach at inhalation rates of 8-15 L/min, with particle sizes ranging from 1 to 30 μm.Increasing TH severity progressively narrowed the oropharynx, elevating airway resistance and altering deposition patterns. The optimal particle size for targeted drug delivery decreased with worsening obstruction. In IV-TH models, droplets in the 13-30 μm range achieved over 75 % of the maximum deposition efficiency in the tonsillar target region. The drug delivery rate through the MT airways exhibited significant inter-subject variability (up to ∼ 25 %), directly correlated with the degree of oropharyngeal narrowing.RESULTSIncreasing TH severity progressively narrowed the oropharynx, elevating airway resistance and altering deposition patterns. The optimal particle size for targeted drug delivery decreased with worsening obstruction. In IV-TH models, droplets in the 13-30 μm range achieved over 75 % of the maximum deposition efficiency in the tonsillar target region. The drug delivery rate through the MT airways exhibited significant inter-subject variability (up to ∼ 25 %), directly correlated with the degree of oropharyngeal narrowing.The findings of this study demonstrate that the severity of tonsillar hypertrophy strongly influences the deposition patterns of nebulized aerosols, highlighting the need for approach. a precision medicine approach. For children with IV-TH, larger particles (13-30 μm) are optimal for targeting the oropharyngeal region, while less obstructed airways require finer aerosols for lung delivery. These findings provide an aerodynamic basis for tailoring inhalation therapy to individual pediatric airway anatomy.CONCLUSIONSThe findings of this study demonstrate that the severity of tonsillar hypertrophy strongly influences the deposition patterns of nebulized aerosols, highlighting the need for approach. a precision medicine approach. For children with IV-TH, larger particles (13-30 μm) are optimal for targeting the oropharyngeal region, while less obstructed airways require finer aerosols for lung delivery. These findings provide an aerodynamic basis for tailoring inhalation therapy to individual pediatric airway anatomy. [Display omitted] Pediatric allergic asthma necessitates efficient aerosol drug delivery through the mouth-throat (MT) airway. Tonsil hypertrophy (TH), a common comorbidity, causes oropharyngeal obstruction, potentially compromising inhalation therapy. This study quantitatively investigated the impact of TH severity on lung delivery of nebulized aerosols. Five patient-specific pediatric MT models were reconstructed from computed tomography (CT) scans of grade IV TH (IV-TH) patients. For each model, four virtual severities (I-TH to IV-TH) and a post-tonsillectomy “Normal” model were created, representing 0 % to > 75 % oropharyngeal obstruction. Airflow and particle transport were simulated using computational fluid-particle dynamics (CFPD) approach at inhalation rates of 8–15 L/min, with particle sizes ranging from 1 to 30 μm. Increasing TH severity progressively narrowed the oropharynx, elevating airway resistance and altering deposition patterns. The optimal particle size for targeted drug delivery decreased with worsening obstruction. In IV-TH models, droplets in the 13–30 μm range achieved over 75 % of the maximum deposition efficiency in the tonsillar target region. The drug delivery rate through the MT airways exhibited significant inter-subject variability (up to ∼ 25 %), directly correlated with the degree of oropharyngeal narrowing. The findings of this study demonstrate that the severity of tonsillar hypertrophy strongly influences the deposition patterns of nebulized aerosols, highlighting the need for approach. a precision medicine approach. For children with IV-TH, larger particles (13–30 μm) are optimal for targeting the oropharyngeal region, while less obstructed airways require finer aerosols for lung delivery. These findings provide an aerodynamic basis for tailoring inhalation therapy to individual pediatric airway anatomy. |
| ArticleNumber | 126365 |
| Author | Yang, Feilun Dong, Jingliang Wang, Yusheng Zhang, Ya Shi, Yewen Ma, Ruiping Feng, Xin Ren, Xiaoyong Li, Zehui Zheng, Guoxi Cheng, Shaokoon |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Feilun surname: Yang fullname: Yang, Feilun organization: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China – sequence: 2 givenname: Ruiping surname: Ma fullname: Ma, Ruiping organization: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China – sequence: 3 givenname: Yusheng surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Yusheng organization: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China – sequence: 4 givenname: Zehui surname: Li fullname: Li, Zehui organization: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China – sequence: 5 givenname: Yewen surname: Shi fullname: Shi, Yewen organization: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China – sequence: 6 givenname: Xin surname: Feng fullname: Feng, Xin organization: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Discipline, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China – sequence: 7 givenname: Guoxi surname: Zheng fullname: Zheng, Guoxi organization: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China – sequence: 8 givenname: Xiaoyong surname: Ren fullname: Ren, Xiaoyong organization: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China – sequence: 9 givenname: Shaokoon orcidid: 0000-0002-2057-4605 surname: Cheng fullname: Cheng, Shaokoon organization: School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia – sequence: 10 givenname: Jingliang orcidid: 0000-0002-2812-6188 surname: Dong fullname: Dong, Jingliang email: jingliang.dong@vu.edu.au organization: Institute for Sustainable Industries & Liveable Cities, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia – sequence: 11 givenname: Ya orcidid: 0000-0003-4399-1724 surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Ya email: zhangya@xjtu.edu.cn organization: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41213484$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Keywords | CFD DPM DE Q3 CFPD Nebulization Drug delivery STL Tonsil hypertrophy (TH) HU CSA Computational Fluid-Particle Dynamics (CFPD) Aerosol deposition I-TH Pediatric airway HPLC III-TH MT II-TH TA CT 3D TH WSS ICS IV-TH |
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Pediatric allergic asthma necessitates efficient aerosol drug delivery through the mouth-throat (MT) airway. Tonsil hypertrophy (TH), a... Pediatric allergic asthma necessitates efficient aerosol drug delivery through the mouth-throat (MT) airway. Tonsil hypertrophy (TH), a common comorbidity,... |
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| SubjectTerms | Administration, Inhalation Aerosol deposition Aerosols Asthma - drug therapy Child Child, Preschool Computational Fluid-Particle Dynamics (CFPD) Drug delivery Drug Delivery Systems Female Humans Hypertrophy Male Nebulization Nebulizers and Vaporizers Oropharynx - metabolism Palatine Tonsil - pathology Particle Size Pediatric airway Pharynx - metabolism Severity of Illness Index Tonsil hypertrophy (TH) |
| Title | Comparative investigation of the transport and deposition of nebulized particles in pediatric mouth-throat airways with tonsil hypertrophy at different severity levels |
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