Porous space — biomimetic of tafoni in computational design
Porous urban spaces not only improve interactions, but also increase natural ventilation. Weathered rocks are where porous spaces exist in nature. This paper investigates the biomimicry of tafoni, a type of weathered rock that contains pores of varying sizes. The formation of tafoni inspires archite...
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| Abstract | Porous urban spaces not only improve interactions, but also increase natural ventilation. Weathered rocks are where porous spaces exist in nature. This paper investigates the biomimicry of tafoni, a type of weathered rock that contains pores of varying sizes. The formation of tafoni inspires architectural design, but its complex shape makes manual modeling challenging. The objective of studying the biomimetics of tafoni is to apply its benefits to design applications. Using biomimetic techniques, computation algorithms for tafoni morphogenesis are developed. This paper investigates the inherent characteristics of tafoni and reclassifies them based on architectural geometric elements. It then describes the reclassified tafoni and explains the formation process. This paper develops a 3D evolutionary algorithm and a 2.5D descriptive algorithm based on diagrams. After a comparison, the 2.5D algorithm is chosen because it is more controllable and operable for computational design. This paper also conducts experiments on the results obtained by the 2.5D algorithm to demonstrate its adaptability and architectural design application potential, as well as its application schemes in various design disciplines, including urban planning, architectural design, and landscape design. This paper proposes an algorithm that can be utilized in various fields of computational design. It is computationally efficient while retaining its biological form. |
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| AbstractList | Porous urban spaces not only improve interactions, but also increase natural ventilation. Weathered rocks are where porous spaces exist in nature. This paper investigates the biomimicry of tafoni, a type of weathered rock that contains pores of varying sizes. The formation of tafoni inspires architectural design, but its complex shape makes manual modeling challenging. The objective of studying the biomimetics of tafoni is to apply its benefits to design applications. Using biomimetic techniques, computation algorithms for tafoni morphogenesis are developed. This paper investigates the inherent characteristics of tafoni and reclassifies them based on architectural geometric elements. It then describes the reclassified tafoni and explains the formation process. This paper develops a 3D evolutionary algorithm and a 2.5D descriptive algorithm based on diagrams. After a comparison, the 2.5D algorithm is chosen because it is more controllable and operable for computational design. This paper also conducts experiments on the results obtained by the 2.5D algorithm to demonstrate its adaptability and architectural design application potential, as well as its application schemes in various design disciplines, including urban planning, architectural design, and landscape design. This paper proposes an algorithm that can be utilized in various fields of computational design. It is computationally efficient while retaining its biological form. |
| ArticleNumber | 18 |
| Author | Xu, Weiguo Chen, Shuhua Ye, Wei Zhao, Xiayu |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Wei orcidid: 0000-0001-9341-2212 surname: Ye fullname: Ye, Wei email: yew21@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn organization: Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School – sequence: 2 givenname: Shuhua surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Shuhua organization: Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School – sequence: 3 givenname: Xiayu surname: Zhao fullname: Zhao, Xiayu organization: Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School – sequence: 4 givenname: Weiguo surname: Xu fullname: Xu, Weiguo organization: School of Architecture, Tsinghua University |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1515/9783035615784-010 10.1088/1748-3182/7/1/015003 10.1016/j.scs.2019.101782 10.1002/esp.2112 10.1177/0309133315605037 10.1002/esp.1087 10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.11.023 10.5962/bhl.title.130468 10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.03.012 10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.01.016 10.1515/9783035615784-001 10.1515/9783035615784-002 10.1103/PhysRevE.91.022403 10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.09570-1 10.1007/978-3-7091-1529-9 10.22034/AAUD.2019.89057 10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.10.023 10.1515/9783035615784-006 10.1111/j.0435-3676.2000.00112.x 10.3390/su12239813 10.1515/9783035615784-046 10.1515/9783035615784-048 10.3390/geosciences9040154 10.1260/136943307783571436 10.3390/buildings7020032 |
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| Keywords | Parametric morphology Generative design Biomimetic Computational design Porous space Tafoni |
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| References | PenckAMorphologie der erdoberfläche189410.5962/bhl.title.130468J. Engelhorn Maas, W. (2012). Porous city Lego towers. Retrieved November 27, 2022, from https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/179/porous-city-lego-towers. Saadatjoo, P., Mahdavinejad, M., & Zarkesh, A. (2019). Porosity rendering in high-performance architecture: wind-driven natural ventilation and porosity distribution patterns. Armanshahr Archit Urban Dev, 12(26), 73–87. https://doi.org/10.22034/AAUD.2019.89057 ParadiseTRTafoni and Other Rock BasinsReference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, Elsevier.201510.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.09570-1 HuininkHPPelLKopingaKSimulating the growth of tafoniEarth Surface Processes and Landforms: The Journal of the British Geomorphological Research Group200429101225123310.1002/esp.1087 Thierstein, A. (2018). The Connected and Multiscalar City: Porosity in the Twenty-first Century. In S. Wolfrum (Ed.), Porous City: From Metaphor to Urban Agenda (pp. 222–225). Birkhäuser. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783035615784-048 BurridgeJInkpenRFormation and arrangement of pits by a corrosive gasPhysical Review E201591202240310.1103/PhysRevE.91.022403 KhosromaneshRAsefiMForm-finding mechanism derived from plant movement in response to environmental conditions for building envelopesSustainable Cities and Society20195110178210.1016/j.scs.2019.101782 Wolfrum, S. (2018b). Porous City-From Metaphor to Urban Agenda. In S. Wolfrum (Ed.), Porous City: From Metaphor to Urban Agenda (pp. 9–14). Birkhäuser. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783035615784-001 Harnack, M. (2018). Drifting Clouds: Porosity as a Paradigm. In S. Wolfrum (Ed.), Porous City: From Metaphor to Urban Agenda (pp. 38–41). Birkhäuser. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783035615784-006 HuangRWangWMicroclimatic, chemical, and mineralogical evidence for tafoni weathering processes on the Miaowan Island, South ChinaJournal of Asian Earth Sciences201713428129210.1016/j.jseaes.2016.11.023 GruberPImhofBPatterns of growth—biomimetics and architectural designBuildings2017723210.3390/buildings7020032 Steven Holl ArchitectsThe Porous School2016Steven Holl Architects: Visual Arts Building, University of Iowa, Retrieved November 27, 2022, from https://e-zeppelin.ro/en/the-porous-school-steven-holl-architects-visual-arts-building-university-of-iowa LiDWCuiZJLiHJNanLMechanism of granite weathering cave formation and environmental significance in northern ChinaJournal of Nanjing University (natural Science Edition)200301120128 EtheridgeDNatural Ventilation of Buildings. Theory, Measurement and Design2012John Wiley & Sons Ltd FengZGuPZhengMYanXBaoDWEnvironmental Data-Driven Performance-Based Topological Optimisation for Morphology Evolution of Artificial Taihu StoneThe International Conference on Computational Design and Robotic Fabrication2021Springer117128 Doehne, E., & C. Price. (2010). Stone Conservation: an overview of current research. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute. H.; Toniolo, L.; and F. Cappitelli, Francesca, London: Archetype, 65–72. BrandmeierMKuhlemannJKrumreiIKapplerAKubikPWNew challenges for tafoni research. A new approach to understand processes and weathering ratesEarth Surface Processes and Landforms201136683985210.1002/esp.2112 Wolfrum, S. (2018a). Porosity—Porous City. In S. Wolfrum (Ed.), Porous City: From Metaphor to Urban Agenda (pp. 17–19). Birkhäuser. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783035615784-002 MengesABiomimetic design processes in architecture: Morphogenetic and evolutionary computational designBioinspiration & Biomimetics20127101500310.1088/1748-3182/7/1/015003 Ursprung, P. (2018). Holes in the Future City: Java’s Volcanoes. In S. Wolfrum (Ed.), Porous City: From Metaphor to Urban Agenda (pp. 210–217). Birkhäuser. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783035615784-046 MatsukuraYTanakaYEffect of rock hardness and moisture content on tafoni weathering in the granite of Mount Doeg-Sung, KoreaGeografiska Annaler: Series a, Physical Geography2000821596710.1111/j.0435-3676.2000.00112.x YuanCNgEBuilding porosity for better urban ventilation in high-density cities–A computational parametric studyBuilding and Environment20125017618910.1016/j.buildenv.2011.10.023 InkpenRHallKUniversal Shapes? Analysis of the Shape of Antarctic TafoniGeosciences20199415410.3390/geosciences9040154 GroomKMAllenCDMolLParadiseTRHallKDefining tafoni: Re-examining terminological ambiguity for cavernous rock decay phenomenaProgress in Physical Geography201539677579310.1177/0309133315605037 BenjaminWLacisADemetzPNaplesReflections, Essays, Aphorisms, Autobiographical Writings1925Harcourt Brace Jovanovich163173 HuangXXieYMBurryMCAdvantages of bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization (BESO) over evolutionary structural optimization (ESO)Advances in Structural Engineering200710672773710.1260/136943307783571436 XuWGLiNDigital Diagrams from BIO-Form for Architectural Design2018China Construction Industry Press UchiyamaYBlancoEKohsakaRApplication of biomimetics to architectural and urban design: a review across scalesSustainability20201223981310.3390/su12239813 HiranoTKatoSMurakamiSIkagaTShiraishiYUeharaHA study on a porous residential building model in hot and humid regions part 2—reducing the cooling load by component-scale voids and the CO2 emission reduction effect of the building modelBuilding and Environment2006411334410.1016/j.buildenv.2005.01.016 ImhofBGruberPBaduraJLynnGWhat is the Architect Doing in the Jungle?: Biornametics2013Springer10.1007/978-3-7091-1529-9 Zöhrer, C. (2018). Exploring the Unforeseen—Porosity as a Concept. In S. Wolfrum (Ed.), Porous City: From Metaphor to Urban Agenda (pp. 58–59). Birkhäuser. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783035615784-010 DoeNAThe geometry of honeycomb weathering of sandstoneShale2011263160 AllardFSantamourisMNatural Ventilation in Buildings: A Design Handbook1998James & James Ltd FilippiMBruthansJŘihošekJSlavíkMAdamovičJMašínDArcades: Products of stress-controlled and discontinuity-related weatheringEarth-Science Reviews201818015918410.1016/j.earscirev.2018.03.012 StavridesSHeterotopias and the experience of porous urban spaceIn Loose Space2006Routledge174192https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203799574-12/heterotopias-experience-porous-urban-space-stavros-stavrides Y Uchiyama (19_CR30) 2020; 12 19_CR29 R Huang (19_CR14) 2017; 134 19_CR26 R Inkpen (19_CR18) 2019; 9 P Gruber (19_CR11) 2017; 7 HP Huinink (19_CR16) 2004; 29 19_CR21 T Hirano (19_CR13) 2006; 41 B Imhof (19_CR17) 2013 NA Doe (19_CR5) 2011; 26 C Yuan (19_CR35) 2012; 50 J Burridge (19_CR4) 2015; 91 R Khosromanesh (19_CR19) 2019; 51 KM Groom (19_CR10) 2015; 39 S Stavrides (19_CR27) 2006 WG Xu (19_CR34) 2018 DW Li (19_CR20) 2003; 01 TR Paradise (19_CR24) 2015 A Penck (19_CR25) 1894 X Huang (19_CR15) 2007; 10 W Benjamin (19_CR2) 1925 M Filippi (19_CR9) 2018; 180 19_CR36 19_CR12 19_CR33 Z Feng (19_CR8) 2021 19_CR32 19_CR31 D Etheridge (19_CR7) 2012 M Brandmeier (19_CR3) 2011; 36 Y Matsukura (19_CR22) 2000; 82 F Allard (19_CR1) 1998 Steven Holl Architects (19_CR28) 2016 19_CR6 A Menges (19_CR23) 2012; 7 |
| References_xml | – reference: XuWGLiNDigital Diagrams from BIO-Form for Architectural Design2018China Construction Industry Press – reference: Wolfrum, S. (2018a). Porosity—Porous City. In S. Wolfrum (Ed.), Porous City: From Metaphor to Urban Agenda (pp. 17–19). Birkhäuser. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783035615784-002 – reference: HuangRWangWMicroclimatic, chemical, and mineralogical evidence for tafoni weathering processes on the Miaowan Island, South ChinaJournal of Asian Earth Sciences201713428129210.1016/j.jseaes.2016.11.023 – reference: BenjaminWLacisADemetzPNaplesReflections, Essays, Aphorisms, Autobiographical Writings1925Harcourt Brace Jovanovich163173 – reference: GroomKMAllenCDMolLParadiseTRHallKDefining tafoni: Re-examining terminological ambiguity for cavernous rock decay phenomenaProgress in Physical Geography201539677579310.1177/0309133315605037 – reference: InkpenRHallKUniversal Shapes? Analysis of the Shape of Antarctic TafoniGeosciences20199415410.3390/geosciences9040154 – reference: Steven Holl ArchitectsThe Porous School2016Steven Holl Architects: Visual Arts Building, University of Iowa, Retrieved November 27, 2022, from https://e-zeppelin.ro/en/the-porous-school-steven-holl-architects-visual-arts-building-university-of-iowa/ – reference: DoeNAThe geometry of honeycomb weathering of sandstoneShale2011263160 – reference: BurridgeJInkpenRFormation and arrangement of pits by a corrosive gasPhysical Review E201591202240310.1103/PhysRevE.91.022403 – reference: ImhofBGruberPBaduraJLynnGWhat is the Architect Doing in the Jungle?: Biornametics2013Springer10.1007/978-3-7091-1529-9 – reference: Zöhrer, C. (2018). Exploring the Unforeseen—Porosity as a Concept. In S. Wolfrum (Ed.), Porous City: From Metaphor to Urban Agenda (pp. 58–59). Birkhäuser. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783035615784-010 – reference: StavridesSHeterotopias and the experience of porous urban spaceIn Loose Space2006Routledge174192https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203799574-12/heterotopias-experience-porous-urban-space-stavros-stavrides – reference: HuangXXieYMBurryMCAdvantages of bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization (BESO) over evolutionary structural optimization (ESO)Advances in Structural Engineering200710672773710.1260/136943307783571436 – reference: MatsukuraYTanakaYEffect of rock hardness and moisture content on tafoni weathering in the granite of Mount Doeg-Sung, KoreaGeografiska Annaler: Series a, Physical Geography2000821596710.1111/j.0435-3676.2000.00112.x – reference: MengesABiomimetic design processes in architecture: Morphogenetic and evolutionary computational designBioinspiration & Biomimetics20127101500310.1088/1748-3182/7/1/015003 – reference: ParadiseTRTafoni and Other Rock BasinsReference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, Elsevier.201510.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.09570-1 – reference: Maas, W. (2012). Porous city Lego towers. Retrieved November 27, 2022, from https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/179/porous-city-lego-towers. – reference: Ursprung, P. (2018). Holes in the Future City: Java’s Volcanoes. In S. Wolfrum (Ed.), Porous City: From Metaphor to Urban Agenda (pp. 210–217). Birkhäuser. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783035615784-046 – reference: UchiyamaYBlancoEKohsakaRApplication of biomimetics to architectural and urban design: a review across scalesSustainability20201223981310.3390/su12239813 – reference: YuanCNgEBuilding porosity for better urban ventilation in high-density cities–A computational parametric studyBuilding and Environment20125017618910.1016/j.buildenv.2011.10.023 – reference: BrandmeierMKuhlemannJKrumreiIKapplerAKubikPWNew challenges for tafoni research. A new approach to understand processes and weathering ratesEarth Surface Processes and Landforms201136683985210.1002/esp.2112 – reference: HiranoTKatoSMurakamiSIkagaTShiraishiYUeharaHA study on a porous residential building model in hot and humid regions part 2—reducing the cooling load by component-scale voids and the CO2 emission reduction effect of the building modelBuilding and Environment2006411334410.1016/j.buildenv.2005.01.016 – reference: Thierstein, A. (2018). The Connected and Multiscalar City: Porosity in the Twenty-first Century. In S. Wolfrum (Ed.), Porous City: From Metaphor to Urban Agenda (pp. 222–225). Birkhäuser. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783035615784-048 – reference: FilippiMBruthansJŘihošekJSlavíkMAdamovičJMašínDArcades: Products of stress-controlled and discontinuity-related weatheringEarth-Science Reviews201818015918410.1016/j.earscirev.2018.03.012 – reference: LiDWCuiZJLiHJNanLMechanism of granite weathering cave formation and environmental significance in northern ChinaJournal of Nanjing University (natural Science Edition)200301120128 – reference: PenckAMorphologie der erdoberfläche189410.5962/bhl.title.130468J. Engelhorn – reference: Wolfrum, S. (2018b). Porous City-From Metaphor to Urban Agenda. In S. Wolfrum (Ed.), Porous City: From Metaphor to Urban Agenda (pp. 9–14). Birkhäuser. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783035615784-001 – reference: GruberPImhofBPatterns of growth—biomimetics and architectural designBuildings2017723210.3390/buildings7020032 – reference: HuininkHPPelLKopingaKSimulating the growth of tafoniEarth Surface Processes and Landforms: The Journal of the British Geomorphological Research Group200429101225123310.1002/esp.1087 – reference: KhosromaneshRAsefiMForm-finding mechanism derived from plant movement in response to environmental conditions for building envelopesSustainable Cities and Society20195110178210.1016/j.scs.2019.101782 – reference: EtheridgeDNatural Ventilation of Buildings. Theory, Measurement and Design2012John Wiley & Sons Ltd – reference: AllardFSantamourisMNatural Ventilation in Buildings: A Design Handbook1998James & James Ltd – reference: Harnack, M. (2018). Drifting Clouds: Porosity as a Paradigm. In S. Wolfrum (Ed.), Porous City: From Metaphor to Urban Agenda (pp. 38–41). Birkhäuser. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783035615784-006 – reference: FengZGuPZhengMYanXBaoDWEnvironmental Data-Driven Performance-Based Topological Optimisation for Morphology Evolution of Artificial Taihu StoneThe International Conference on Computational Design and Robotic Fabrication2021Springer117128 – reference: Doehne, E., & C. Price. (2010). Stone Conservation: an overview of current research. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute. H.; Toniolo, L.; and F. Cappitelli, Francesca, London: Archetype, 65–72. – reference: Saadatjoo, P., Mahdavinejad, M., & Zarkesh, A. (2019). Porosity rendering in high-performance architecture: wind-driven natural ventilation and porosity distribution patterns. Armanshahr Archit Urban Dev, 12(26), 73–87. https://doi.org/10.22034/AAUD.2019.89057 – ident: 19_CR36 doi: 10.1515/9783035615784-010 – volume: 7 start-page: 015003 issue: 1 year: 2012 ident: 19_CR23 publication-title: Bioinspiration & Biomimetics doi: 10.1088/1748-3182/7/1/015003 – volume-title: Digital Diagrams from BIO-Form for Architectural Design year: 2018 ident: 19_CR34 – volume: 51 start-page: 101782 year: 2019 ident: 19_CR19 publication-title: Sustainable Cities and Society doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2019.101782 – start-page: 163 volume-title: Reflections, Essays, Aphorisms, Autobiographical Writings year: 1925 ident: 19_CR2 – volume: 36 start-page: 839 issue: 6 year: 2011 ident: 19_CR3 publication-title: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms doi: 10.1002/esp.2112 – volume: 26 start-page: 31 year: 2011 ident: 19_CR5 publication-title: Shale – volume-title: The Porous School year: 2016 ident: 19_CR28 – ident: 19_CR6 – volume: 39 start-page: 775 issue: 6 year: 2015 ident: 19_CR10 publication-title: Progress in Physical Geography doi: 10.1177/0309133315605037 – volume: 29 start-page: 1225 issue: 10 year: 2004 ident: 19_CR16 publication-title: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms: The Journal of the British Geomorphological Research Group doi: 10.1002/esp.1087 – volume: 134 start-page: 281 year: 2017 ident: 19_CR14 publication-title: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.11.023 – volume-title: Morphologie der erdoberfläche year: 1894 ident: 19_CR25 doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.130468 – volume: 180 start-page: 159 year: 2018 ident: 19_CR9 publication-title: Earth-Science Reviews doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.03.012 – volume: 01 start-page: 120 year: 2003 ident: 19_CR20 publication-title: Journal of Nanjing University (natural Science Edition) – volume: 41 start-page: 33 issue: 1 year: 2006 ident: 19_CR13 publication-title: Building and Environment doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.01.016 – ident: 19_CR33 doi: 10.1515/9783035615784-001 – ident: 19_CR32 doi: 10.1515/9783035615784-002 – volume: 91 start-page: 022403 issue: 2 year: 2015 ident: 19_CR4 publication-title: Physical Review E doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.91.022403 – year: 2015 ident: 19_CR24 publication-title: Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.09570-1 – volume-title: Natural Ventilation in Buildings: A Design Handbook year: 1998 ident: 19_CR1 – volume-title: What is the Architect Doing in the Jungle?: Biornametics year: 2013 ident: 19_CR17 doi: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1529-9 – ident: 19_CR26 doi: 10.22034/AAUD.2019.89057 – start-page: 117 volume-title: The International Conference on Computational Design and Robotic Fabrication year: 2021 ident: 19_CR8 – start-page: 174 volume-title: In Loose Space year: 2006 ident: 19_CR27 – volume: 50 start-page: 176 year: 2012 ident: 19_CR35 publication-title: Building and Environment doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.10.023 – ident: 19_CR12 doi: 10.1515/9783035615784-006 – volume: 82 start-page: 59 issue: 1 year: 2000 ident: 19_CR22 publication-title: Geografiska Annaler: Series a, Physical Geography doi: 10.1111/j.0435-3676.2000.00112.x – volume: 12 start-page: 9813 issue: 23 year: 2020 ident: 19_CR30 publication-title: Sustainability doi: 10.3390/su12239813 – ident: 19_CR31 doi: 10.1515/9783035615784-046 – volume-title: Natural Ventilation of Buildings. 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