The olfactory-based neurofeedback of the EEG alpha rhythm
Neurofeedback (NFB) is a form of biofeedback that enables subjects to monitor and control their own brain activity. To communicate with the subject, modern NFB training methodologies utilize various signaling mechanisms, typically visual and/or auditory stimuli. Olfaction has not been explored yet a...
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Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
01.09.2023
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| ISSN: | 2692-8205 |
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| Abstract | Neurofeedback (NFB) is a form of biofeedback that enables subjects to monitor and control their own brain activity. To communicate with the subject, modern NFB training methodologies utilize various signaling mechanisms, typically visual and/or auditory stimuli. Olfaction has not been explored yet as a way to deliver NFB. Here we developed an olfactory-based NFB system based on electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings in human participants. The system incorporates an EEG recording apparatus, a custom olfactory display for the automated delivery of Sniffin’ Sticks, and a Python application for the conversion of EEG rhythms into NFB signals and controlling behavioral tasks. We tested occipital alpha rhythm as the source of NFB. Fifteen healthy participants were randomly assigned to three groups: olfactory neurofeedback, auditory NFB, and mock-olfactory NFB. NFB training resulted in an increase of alpha power in the true NFB groups, but not in the mock NFB group where the alpha power decreased, probably because of fatigue and drowsiness. Based on these results, we conclude that olfactory NFB is feasible, and lay out a framework for its future development. |
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| AbstractList | Neurofeedback (NFB) is a form of biofeedback that enables subjects to monitor and control their own brain activity. To communicate with the subject, modern NFB training methodologies utilize various signaling mechanisms, typically visual and/or auditory stimuli. Olfaction has not been explored yet as a way to deliver NFB. Here we developed an olfactory-based NFB system based on electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings in human participants. The system incorporates an EEG recording apparatus, a custom olfactory display for the automated delivery of Sniffin’ Sticks, and a Python application for the conversion of EEG rhythms into NFB signals and controlling behavioral tasks. We tested occipital alpha rhythm as the source of NFB. Fifteen healthy participants were randomly assigned to three groups: olfactory neurofeedback, auditory NFB, and mock-olfactory NFB. NFB training resulted in an increase of alpha power in the true NFB groups, but not in the mock NFB group where the alpha power decreased, probably because of fatigue and drowsiness. Based on these results, we conclude that olfactory NFB is feasible, and lay out a framework for its future development. |
| Author | Tsetserukou, Dzmitry Ninenko, Ivan Lebedev, Mikhail A Bazhenov, Artem Fedoseev, Alexey Medvedeva, Alexandra Cabrera, Miguel Altamirano Kleeva, Daria F |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Alexandra orcidid: 0000-0003-4509-084X surname: Medvedeva fullname: Medvedeva, Alexandra organization: V. Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Restoration, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology – sequence: 2 givenname: Ivan orcidid: 0000-0002-8445-9489 surname: Ninenko fullname: Ninenko, Ivan email: Ivan.Ninenko@gmail.com organization: Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University – sequence: 3 givenname: Daria F orcidid: 0000-0002-6040-2154 surname: Kleeva fullname: Kleeva, Daria F organization: MSU Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Lomonosov Moscow State University – sequence: 4 givenname: Alexey surname: Fedoseev fullname: Fedoseev, Alexey organization: Digital Engineering Center, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology – sequence: 5 givenname: Artem orcidid: 0009-0001-2228-7298 surname: Bazhenov fullname: Bazhenov, Artem organization: Digital Engineering Center, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology – sequence: 6 givenname: Miguel Altamirano surname: Cabrera fullname: Cabrera, Miguel Altamirano organization: Digital Engineering Center, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology – sequence: 7 givenname: Dzmitry orcidid: 0000-0001-8055-5345 surname: Tsetserukou fullname: Tsetserukou, Dzmitry organization: Digital Engineering Center, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology – sequence: 8 givenname: Mikhail A orcidid: 0000-0003-0355-8723 surname: Lebedev fullname: Lebedev, Mikhail A organization: Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences |
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| Cites_doi | 10.15412/j.bcn.03070208 10.1007/s11062-009-9078-z 10.1093/chemse/22.1.39 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005681 10.1016/S0165-0173(98)00056-3 10.1038/s41598-020-79816-8 10.1007/s10484-015-9278-9 10.1093/chemse/20.5.505 10.3390/mti5100064 |
| ContentType | Paper |
| Copyright | 2023, Posted by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory |
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| DOI | 10.1101/2023.08.30.555545 |
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| License | This pre-print is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International), CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 |
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| Notes | Competing Interest Statement: The authors have declared no competing interest. |
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| Title | The olfactory-based neurofeedback of the EEG alpha rhythm |
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