Improved quality of beneath-canopy grass in South African savannas: Local and seasonal variation

Questions: Do large trees improve the nutrient content and the structure of the grass layer in savannas? Does the magnitude of this improvement differ with locality (soil nutrients) and season (water availability)? Are grass structure and species composition beneath tree canopies influenced by soil...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Journal of vegetation science Jg. 19; H. 5; S. 663 - 670
Hauptverfasser:	Treydte, Anna C., van Beeck, F. A Looringh, Ludwig, F., Heitkönig, I. M A.
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Oxford, UK Opulus Press Uppsala 01.10.2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Opulus Press Opulus Press AB
Schlagworte:	botanical composition canopy Carbon content cattle chemical constituents of plants community structure dry season Dry seasons ecosystem Fixation forage quality Forest canopy Grasses Grazing habitats herbivores Herbivory leaves Nitrogen nitrogen content Nitrogen fixation nutrient content nutrient uptake Nutrients open eucalypt woodlands perennial grasses phosphorus Plant nutrition Rainy seasons Savanna soils Savannas seasonal variation Seasons shade Soil fertility Soil nutrients Soils South Africa Species composition species diversity sward Tree canopy Trees understory vegetation wet season Wetland flora wilting South Africa
ISSN:	1100-9233, 1654-1103, 1104-7402
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Abstract	Questions: Do large trees improve the nutrient content and the structure of the grass layer in savannas? Does the magnitude of this improvement differ with locality (soil nutrients) and season (water availability)? Are grass structure and species composition beneath tree canopies influenced by soil fertility and season? Location: South Africa. Methods: We compared grass leaf nutrient contents and grass sward structure beneath and outside tree canopy areas in three savannas of different soil fertility during the dry and the wet seasons. Results: Grass nitrogen contents were twice as high during the wet season as compared to the dry season, being more strongly elevated underneath tree canopies during the wet season. Grasses had significantly less stem material and provided less dead material underneath trees on the high soil fertility site. Grass species composition differed significantly beneath and outside tree canopies, with more nutritious grass species found sub-canopy. Grass species richness was significantly lower beneath than outside of trees at the site of high soil fertility. Conclusions: Trees improve overall quality of savanna grasses by enhancing grass growth and nutrient uptake during the wet season, and by delaying grass wilting in the dry season. The positive effect of trees on the grass layer might attract grazing herbivores in otherwise nutrient-poor savannas. Hence, single standing large trees should be maintained to sustain high grass quality and, consequently, grazer populations in savanna habitats. Nomenclature: Trees: Palgrave (1983); Beentje et al. (1994) Grasses: Van Oudtshoorn (1999).
AbstractList	Questions: Do large trees improve the nutrient content and the structure of the grass layer in savannas? Does the magnitude of this improvement differ with locality ( soil nutrients) and season ( water availability)? Are grass structure and species composition beneath tree canopies influenced by soil fertility and season? Location: South Africa. Methods: We compared grass leaf nutrient contents and grass sward structure beneath and outside tree canopy areas in three savannas of different soil fertility during the dry and the wet seasons. Results: Grass nitrogen contents were twice as high during the wet season as compared to the dry season, being more strongly elevated underneath tree canopies during the wet season. Grasses had significantly less stem material and provided less dead material underneath trees on the high soil fertility site. Grass species composition differed significantly beneath and outside tree canopies, with more nutritious grass species found sub-canopy. Grass species richness was significantly lower beneath than outside of trees at the site of high soil fertility. Conclusions: Trees improve overall quality of savanna grasses by enhancing grass growth and nutrient uptake during the wet season, and by delaying grass wilting in the dry season. The positive effect of trees on the grass layer might attract grazing herbivores in otherwise nutrient-poor savannas. Hence, single standing large trees should be maintained to sustain high grass quality and, consequently, grazer populations in savanna habitats. Questions: Do large trees improve the nutrient content and the structure of the grass layer in savannas? Does the magnitude of this improvement differ with locality (soil nutrients) and season (water availability)? Are grass structure and species composition beneath tree canopies influenced by soil fertility and season? Location: South Africa. Methods: We compared grass leaf nutrient contents and grass sward structure beneath and outside tree canopy areas in three savannas of different soil fertility during the dry and the wet seasons. Results: Grass nitrogen contents were twice as high during the wet season as compared to the dry season, being more strongly elevated underneath tree canopies during the wet season. Grasses had significantly less stem material and provided less dead material underneath trees on the high soil fertility site. Grass species composition differed significantly beneath and outside tree canopies, with more nutritious grass species found sub-canopy. Grass species richness was significantly lower beneath than outside of trees at the site of high soil fertility. Conclusions: Trees improve overall quality of savanna grasses by enhancing grass growth and nutrient uptake during the wet season, and by delaying grass wilting in the dry season. The positive effect of trees on the grass layer might attract grazing herbivores in otherwise nutrient-poor savannas. Hence, single standing large trees should be maintained to sustain high grass quality and, consequently, grazer populations in savanna habitats. Nomenclature: Trees: Palgrave (1983); Beentje et al. (1994) Grasses: Van Oudtshoorn (1999). Questions: Do large trees improve the nutrient content and the structure of the grass layer in savannas? Does the magnitude of this improvement differ with locality (soil nutrients) and season (water availability)? Are grass structure and species composition beneath tree canopies influenced by soil fertility and season? Location: South Africa. Methods: We compared grass leaf nutrient contents and grass sward structure beneath and outside tree canopy areas in three savannas of different soil fertility during the dry and the wet seasons. Results: Grass nitrogen contents were twice as high during the wet season as compared to the dry season, being more strongly elevated underneath tree canopies during the wet season. Grasses had significantly less stem material and provided less dead material underneath trees on the high soil fertility site. Grass species composition differed significantly beneath and outside tree canopies, with more nutritious grass species found sub-canopy. Grass species richness was significantly lower beneath than outside of trees at the site of high soil fertility. Conclusions: Trees improve overall quality of savanna grasses by enhancing grass growth and nutrient uptake during the wet season, and by delaying grass wilting in the dry season. The positive effect of trees on the grass layer might attract grazing herbivores in otherwise nutrient-poor savannas. Hence, single standing large trees should be maintained to sustain high grass quality and, consequently, grazer populations in savanna habitats. Keywords: Herbivory; Nitrogen fixation; Nutrients; Soil fertility; Species composition; Tree canopy. Nomenclature: Trees: Palgrave (1983); Beentje et al. (1994) Grasses: Van Oudtshoorn (1999). Abbreviations: KNP = Kruger National Park; LSD = Least significant difference; MAK = Greater Makalali Conservancy; NDF = Fibre content; OM = Soil organic matter; TIM = Tim-Bavati Private Nature Reserve. Questions: Do large trees improve the nutrient content and the structure of the grass layer in savannas? Does the magnitude of this improvement differ with locality (soil nutrients) and season (water availability)? Are grass structure and species composition beneath tree canopies influenced by soil fertility and season? Questions: Do large trees improve the nutrient content and the structure of the grass layer in savannas? Does the magnitude of this improvement differ with locality (soil nutrients) and season (water availability)? Are grass structure and species composition beneath tree canopies influenced by soil fertility and season? Location: South Africa. Methods: We compared grass leaf nutrient contents and grass sward structure beneath and outside tree canopy areas in three savannas of different soil fertility during the dry and the wet seasons. Results: Grass nitrogen contents were twice as high during the wet season as compared to the dry season, being more strongly elevated underneath tree canopies during the wet season. Grasses had significantly less stem material and provided less dead material underneath trees on the high soil fertility site. Grass species composition differed significantly beneath and outside tree canopies, with more nutritious grass species found sub‐canopy. Grass species richness was significantly lower beneath than outside of trees at the site of high soil fertility. Conclusions: Trees improve overall quality of savanna grasses by enhancing grass growth and nutrient uptake during the wet season, and by delaying grass wilting in the dry season. The positive effect of trees on the grass layer might attract grazing herbivores in otherwise nutrient‐poor savannas. Hence, single standing large trees should be maintained to sustain high grass quality and, consequently, grazer populations in savanna habitats.
Audience	Academic
Author	Treydte, Anna C. Ludwig, F. Looringh van Beeck, F.A. Heitkönig, I.M.A.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Anna C. surname: Treydte fullname: Treydte, Anna C. organization: Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands – sequence: 2 givenname: F. A Looringh surname: van Beeck fullname: van Beeck, F. A Looringh email: f.a.looringhvanbeeck@vet.uu.nl organization: E-mail – sequence: 3 givenname: F. surname: Ludwig fullname: Ludwig, F. email: fulco.ludwig@wur.nl organization: Climate Change and Earth Systems Science group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; E-mail – sequence: 4 givenname: I. M A. surname: Heitkönig fullname: Heitkönig, I. M A. email: ignas.heitkonig@wur.nl organization: E-mail
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Notes	http://dx.doi.org/10.3170/2008-8-18435 ArticleID:JVS1091 ark:/67375/WNG-KXB5M2HW-P istex:5F1434E404165A318E5C37422751658A0159842B Trees: Palgrave (1983); Beentje et al. (1994) Grasses: Van Oudtshoorn (1999). Ackowledgements. This study was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). SANPARKS and Scientific Services in Kruger Park gave permission to conduct field work, C.C. Grant, A. Delsink, S. Ronaldson, Y. Pretorius and C. van der Waal helped with logistics and stimulated fruitful discussions. We thank C.C. Grant and two anonymous reviewers for their comments on an earlier draft of this paper. Field technicians and lab assistants in South Africa and The Netherlands were of great support. Nomenclature ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
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SubjectTerms	botanical composition canopy Carbon content cattle chemical constituents of plants community structure dry season Dry seasons ecosystem Fixation forage quality Forest canopy Grasses Grazing habitats herbivores Herbivory leaves Nitrogen nitrogen content Nitrogen fixation nutrient content nutrient uptake Nutrients open eucalypt woodlands perennial grasses phosphorus Plant nutrition Rainy seasons Savanna soils Savannas seasonal variation Seasons shade Soil fertility Soil nutrients Soils South Africa Species composition species diversity sward Tree canopy Trees understory vegetation wet season Wetland flora wilting
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Title	Improved quality of beneath-canopy grass in South African savannas: Local and seasonal variation
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