Estimated number of ophthalmologists worldwide (International Council of Ophthalmology update): will we meet the needs?
Background/aimsTo estimate 2015 global ophthalmologist data and analyse their relationship to income groups, prevalence rates of blindness and visual impairment and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita.MethodsOnline surveys were emailed to presidents/chairpersons of national societies of ophthalm...
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| Published in: | British journal of ophthalmology Vol. 104; no. 4; pp. 588 - 592 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
England
BMJ Publishing Group LTD
01.04.2020
BMJ Publishing Group |
| Subjects: | |
| ISSN: | 0007-1161, 1468-2079, 1468-2079 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Background/aimsTo estimate 2015 global ophthalmologist data and analyse their relationship to income groups, prevalence rates of blindness and visual impairment and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita.MethodsOnline surveys were emailed to presidents/chairpersons of national societies of ophthalmology and Ministry of Health representatives from all 194 countries to capture the number and density (per million population) of ophthalmologists, the number/density performing cataract surgery and refraction, and annual ophthalmologist population growth trends. Correlations between these data and income group, GDP per capita and prevalence rates of blindness and visual impairment were analysed.ResultsIn 2015, there were an estimated 232 866 ophthalmologists in 194 countries. Income was positively associated with ophthalmologist density (a mean 3.7 per million population in low-income countries vs a mean 76.2 in high-income countries). Most countries reported positive growth (94/156; 60.3%). There was a weak, inverse correlation between the prevalence of blindness and the ophthalmologist density. There were weak, positive correlations between the density of ophthalmologists performing cataract surgery and GDP per capita and the prevalence of blindness, as well as between GDP per capita and the density of ophthalmologists doing refractions.ConclusionsAlthough the estimated global ophthalmologist workforce appears to be growing, the appropriate distribution of the eye care workforce and the development of comprehensive eye care delivery systems are needed to ensure that eye care needs are universally met. |
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| AbstractList | To estimate 2015 global ophthalmologist data and analyse their relationship to income groups, prevalence rates of blindness and visual impairment and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita.
Online surveys were emailed to presidents/chairpersons of national societies of ophthalmology and Ministry of Health representatives from all 194 countries to capture the number and density (per million population) of ophthalmologists, the number/density performing cataract surgery and refraction, and annual ophthalmologist population growth trends. Correlations between these data and income group, GDP per capita and prevalence rates of blindness and visual impairment were analysed.
In 2015, there were an estimated 232 866 ophthalmologists in 194 countries. Income was positively associated with ophthalmologist density (a mean 3.7 per million population in low-income countries vs a mean 76.2 in high-income countries). Most countries reported positive growth (94/156; 60.3%). There was a weak, inverse correlation between the prevalence of blindness and the ophthalmologist density. There were weak, positive correlations between the density of ophthalmologists performing cataract surgery and GDP per capita and the prevalence of blindness, as well as between GDP per capita and the density of ophthalmologists doing refractions.
Although the estimated global ophthalmologist workforce appears to be growing, the appropriate distribution of the eye care workforce and the development of comprehensive eye care delivery systems are needed to ensure that eye care needs are universally met. Background/aimsTo estimate 2015 global ophthalmologist data and analyse their relationship to income groups, prevalence rates of blindness and visual impairment and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita.MethodsOnline surveys were emailed to presidents/chairpersons of national societies of ophthalmology and Ministry of Health representatives from all 194 countries to capture the number and density (per million population) of ophthalmologists, the number/density performing cataract surgery and refraction, and annual ophthalmologist population growth trends. Correlations between these data and income group, GDP per capita and prevalence rates of blindness and visual impairment were analysed.ResultsIn 2015, there were an estimated 232 866 ophthalmologists in 194 countries. Income was positively associated with ophthalmologist density (a mean 3.7 per million population in low-income countries vs a mean 76.2 in high-income countries). Most countries reported positive growth (94/156; 60.3%). There was a weak, inverse correlation between the prevalence of blindness and the ophthalmologist density. There were weak, positive correlations between the density of ophthalmologists performing cataract surgery and GDP per capita and the prevalence of blindness, as well as between GDP per capita and the density of ophthalmologists doing refractions.ConclusionsAlthough the estimated global ophthalmologist workforce appears to be growing, the appropriate distribution of the eye care workforce and the development of comprehensive eye care delivery systems are needed to ensure that eye care needs are universally met. To estimate 2015 global ophthalmologist data and analyse their relationship to income groups, prevalence rates of blindness and visual impairment and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita.BACKGROUND/AIMSTo estimate 2015 global ophthalmologist data and analyse their relationship to income groups, prevalence rates of blindness and visual impairment and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita.Online surveys were emailed to presidents/chairpersons of national societies of ophthalmology and Ministry of Health representatives from all 194 countries to capture the number and density (per million population) of ophthalmologists, the number/density performing cataract surgery and refraction, and annual ophthalmologist population growth trends. Correlations between these data and income group, GDP per capita and prevalence rates of blindness and visual impairment were analysed.METHODSOnline surveys were emailed to presidents/chairpersons of national societies of ophthalmology and Ministry of Health representatives from all 194 countries to capture the number and density (per million population) of ophthalmologists, the number/density performing cataract surgery and refraction, and annual ophthalmologist population growth trends. Correlations between these data and income group, GDP per capita and prevalence rates of blindness and visual impairment were analysed.In 2015, there were an estimated 232 866 ophthalmologists in 194 countries. Income was positively associated with ophthalmologist density (a mean 3.7 per million population in low-income countries vs a mean 76.2 in high-income countries). Most countries reported positive growth (94/156; 60.3%). There was a weak, inverse correlation between the prevalence of blindness and the ophthalmologist density. There were weak, positive correlations between the density of ophthalmologists performing cataract surgery and GDP per capita and the prevalence of blindness, as well as between GDP per capita and the density of ophthalmologists doing refractions.RESULTSIn 2015, there were an estimated 232 866 ophthalmologists in 194 countries. Income was positively associated with ophthalmologist density (a mean 3.7 per million population in low-income countries vs a mean 76.2 in high-income countries). Most countries reported positive growth (94/156; 60.3%). There was a weak, inverse correlation between the prevalence of blindness and the ophthalmologist density. There were weak, positive correlations between the density of ophthalmologists performing cataract surgery and GDP per capita and the prevalence of blindness, as well as between GDP per capita and the density of ophthalmologists doing refractions.Although the estimated global ophthalmologist workforce appears to be growing, the appropriate distribution of the eye care workforce and the development of comprehensive eye care delivery systems are needed to ensure that eye care needs are universally met.CONCLUSIONSAlthough the estimated global ophthalmologist workforce appears to be growing, the appropriate distribution of the eye care workforce and the development of comprehensive eye care delivery systems are needed to ensure that eye care needs are universally met. |
| Author | Resnikoff, Serge Washburn, Lindsey Wiedemann, Peter Lansingh, Van Charles Felch, William Gauthier, Tina-Marie Eckert, Kristen Taylor, Hugh R Parke, David |
| AuthorAffiliation | 4 Melbourne School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia 6 American Academy of Ophthalmology , San Francisco , California , USA 1 Brien Holden Vision Institute , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia 3 International Council of Ophthalmology , San Francisco , California , USA 5 Independent Consultant , San Antonio Tlayacapan , Mexico 2 Help Me See, Instituto Mexicano de Oftalmologia , Queretaro , Mexico |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 5 Independent Consultant , San Antonio Tlayacapan , Mexico – name: 2 Help Me See, Instituto Mexicano de Oftalmologia , Queretaro , Mexico – name: 4 Melbourne School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia – name: 6 American Academy of Ophthalmology , San Francisco , California , USA – name: 3 International Council of Ophthalmology , San Francisco , California , USA – name: 1 Brien Holden Vision Institute , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Serge orcidid: 0000-0002-5866-4446 surname: Resnikoff fullname: Resnikoff, Serge email: serge.resnikoff@gmail.com organization: Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia – sequence: 2 givenname: Van Charles surname: Lansingh fullname: Lansingh, Van Charles email: serge.resnikoff@gmail.com organization: Help Me See, Instituto Mexicano de Oftalmologia, Queretaro, Mexico – sequence: 3 givenname: Lindsey surname: Washburn fullname: Washburn, Lindsey email: serge.resnikoff@gmail.com organization: International Council of Ophthalmology, San Francisco, California, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: William surname: Felch fullname: Felch, William email: serge.resnikoff@gmail.com organization: International Council of Ophthalmology, San Francisco, California, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Tina-Marie surname: Gauthier fullname: Gauthier, Tina-Marie email: serge.resnikoff@gmail.com organization: International Council of Ophthalmology, San Francisco, California, USA – sequence: 6 givenname: Hugh R surname: Taylor fullname: Taylor, Hugh R email: serge.resnikoff@gmail.com organization: Melbourne School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia – sequence: 7 givenname: Kristen surname: Eckert fullname: Eckert, Kristen email: serge.resnikoff@gmail.com organization: Independent Consultant, San Antonio Tlayacapan, Mexico – sequence: 8 givenname: David surname: Parke fullname: Parke, David email: serge.resnikoff@gmail.com organization: American Academy of Ophthalmology, San Francisco, California, USA – sequence: 9 givenname: Peter surname: Wiedemann fullname: Wiedemann, Peter email: serge.resnikoff@gmail.com organization: International Council of Ophthalmology, San Francisco, California, USA |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31266774$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Copyright | Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. 2020 Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ . Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. 2020 |
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| DOI | 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336 |
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| References | Palmer, Chinanayi, Gilbert 2014; 12 Eckert, Carter, Lansingh 2016; 29 Carvalho, Diniz, Lacerda 2012; 75 Eckert, Lansingh, McLeod-Omawale 2018; 25 Resnikoff, Felch, Gauthier 2012; 96 Qureshi, Mansur, Al-Rajhi, Eckert 2012; 60 Hong, Mújica, Anaya 2016; 6 Rao, Khanna, Athota, Rani 2012; 60 Bourne, Flaxman, Braithwaite 2017; 5 2006; 223 Bourne (key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-1) 2017; 5 Palmer (key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-4) 2014; 12 Hong (key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-6) 2016; 6 Eckert (key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-8) 2016; 29 (key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-10) 2006; 223 Carvalho (key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-7) 2012; 75 (key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-13) 2017 Eckert (key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-9) 2018; 25 (key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-14) 2016 key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-11 key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-12 key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-2 key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-17 key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-18 Resnikoff (key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-3) 2012; 96 Qureshi (key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-16) 2012; 60 Rao (key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-15) 2012; 60 Palmer (key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-5) 2014; 12 |
| References_xml | – volume: 25 start-page: 91 year: 2018 article-title: Field testing project to pilot World Health organization eye health indicators in Latin America publication-title: Ophthalmic Epidemiol doi: 10.1080/09286586.2017.1359848 – volume: 75 start-page: 407 year: 2012 article-title: Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and geographical distribution of ophthalmologists in Brazil publication-title: Arq Bras Oftalmol doi: 10.1590/S0004-27492012000600007 – volume: 29 start-page: S01 year: 2016 article-title: Field testing project to pilot World Health organization global eye health indicators in Latin America: lessons learned thus far publication-title: Community Eye Health – volume: 12 year: 2014 article-title: Trends and implications for achieving Vision 2020 human resources for eye health targets in 16 countries of sub-Saharan Africa by the year 2020 publication-title: Hum Resour Health doi: 10.1186/1478-4491-12-45 – volume: 60 start-page: 351 year: 2012 article-title: Best practice eye care models publication-title: Indian J Ophthalmol doi: 10.4103/0301-4738.100526 – volume: 223 start-page: s3 issue: Suppl 4 year: 2006 article-title: Principles and guidelines of a curriculum for education of the ophthalmic specialist publication-title: Klin Monbl Augenheilkd doi: 10.1055/s-2006-951843 – volume: 12 year: 2014 article-title: Mapping human resources for eye health in 21 countries of sub-Saharan Africa: current progress towards Vision 2020 publication-title: Hum Resour Health doi: 10.1186/1478-4491-12-44 – volume: 6 year: 2016 article-title: The challenge of universal eye health in Latin America: distributive inequality of ophthalmologists in 14 countries publication-title: BMJ Open doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012819 – volume: 60 start-page: 396 year: 2012 article-title: Integrated model of primary and secondary eye care for underserved rural areas: the L V Prasad eye Institute experience publication-title: Indian J Ophthalmol doi: 10.4103/0301-4738.100533 – volume: 5 start-page: e888 year: 2017 article-title: Magnitude, temporal trends, and projections of the global prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis publication-title: Lancet Glob Health doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30293-0 – volume: 96 start-page: 783 year: 2012 article-title: The number of ophthalmologists in practice and training worldwide: a growing gap despite more than 200,000 practitioners publication-title: Br J Ophthalmol doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2011-301378 – volume: 25 start-page: 91 year: 2018 ident: key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-9 article-title: Field testing project to pilot World Health organization eye health indicators in Latin America publication-title: Ophthalmic Epidemiol doi: 10.1080/09286586.2017.1359848 – ident: key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-11 – ident: key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-12 – volume: 6 year: 2016 ident: key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-6 article-title: The challenge of universal eye health in Latin America: distributive inequality of ophthalmologists in 14 countries publication-title: BMJ Open doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012819 – volume: 5 start-page: e888 year: 2017 ident: key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-1 article-title: Magnitude, temporal trends, and projections of the global prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis publication-title: Lancet Glob Health doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30293-0 – year: 2017 ident: key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-13 article-title: The World Health Organization and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. 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[A69/39 – 15 April 2016 year: 2016 ident: key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-14 – volume: 96 start-page: 783 year: 2012 ident: key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-3 article-title: The number of ophthalmologists in practice and training worldwide: a growing gap despite more than 200,000 practitioners publication-title: Br J Ophthalmol doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2011-301378 – volume: 12 year: 2014 ident: key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-4 article-title: Mapping human resources for eye health in 21 countries of sub-Saharan Africa: current progress towards Vision 2020 publication-title: Hum Resour Health doi: 10.1186/1478-4491-12-44 – volume: 29 start-page: S01 year: 2016 ident: key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-8 article-title: Field testing project to pilot World Health organization global eye health indicators in Latin America: lessons learned thus far publication-title: Community Eye Health – ident: key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-18 – ident: key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-17 – ident: key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-2 – volume: 60 start-page: 351 year: 2012 ident: key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-16 article-title: Best practice eye care models publication-title: Indian J Ophthalmol doi: 10.4103/0301-4738.100526 – volume: 223 start-page: s3 issue: Suppl 4 year: 2006 ident: key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-10 article-title: Principles and guidelines of a curriculum for education of the ophthalmic specialist publication-title: Klin Monbl Augenheilkd – volume: 75 start-page: 407 year: 2012 ident: key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-7 article-title: Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and geographical distribution of ophthalmologists in Brazil publication-title: Arq Bras Oftalmol doi: 10.1590/S0004-27492012000600007 – volume: 12 year: 2014 ident: key-10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314336-5 article-title: Trends and implications for achieving Vision 2020 human resources for eye health targets in 16 countries of sub-Saharan Africa by the year 2020 publication-title: Hum Resour Health doi: 10.1186/1478-4491-12-45 |
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| SubjectTerms | Cataracts Clinical Science Data collection Epidemiology Eye surgery Medical personnel Per capita Population growth Public health Trends Visual impairment |
| Title | Estimated number of ophthalmologists worldwide (International Council of Ophthalmology update): will we meet the needs? |
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