Evaluation of an intervention to increase topical sunscreen use in German outdoor workers: study protocol for the non-randomised controlled intervention study ProtExSun
IntroductionSquamous cell carcinoma and multiple actinic keratoses caused by solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) are among the most frequently recognised occupational diseases in Germany. Employees who regularly work outdoors, for example, in the construction industry, agriculture, forestry and garden...
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| Published in: | BMJ open Vol. 15; no. 10; p. e095054 |
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| Abstract | IntroductionSquamous cell carcinoma and multiple actinic keratoses caused by solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) are among the most frequently recognised occupational diseases in Germany. Employees who regularly work outdoors, for example, in the construction industry, agriculture, forestry and gardening, are at a higher risk of developing occupational skin cancer. However, sun-safety behaviour in outdoor workers is currently insufficient. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of an intervention to increase sunscreen use among outdoor workers.Methods and analysisIn this non-randomised, controlled intervention study, 234 outdoor workers from different companies in industries with outdoor working activities based in Germany will be included. The study population, aged 18 years and above, has to be intensively exposed to solar UVR of regularly 1 hour or more per day. The intervention group will receive a sunscreen package as well as health education. The control group follows the practice in their companies (‘treatment-as-usual’). At the beginning of the study, after 3 months and at the end of the study (after 6 months), both groups filled in different questionnaires. In addition, stratum corneum (SC) samples will be collected at the beginning and after 3 months. The primary outcome—increase in the frequency of sunscreen use during work and in leisure time—will be assessed from data on self-reported sunscreen use. The secondary outcomes include sun protection behaviour, knowledge about sun protection and skin cancer, and acceptance of the provided sunscreens. Further secondary outcomes include internal UV dose and UV-related immune response, determined by the levels of SC biomarkers. Data will be analysed using both descriptive and inferential methods.Ethics and disseminationThe study protocol followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (2013) and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Osnabrück University, Germany (reference Ethik-37/2024). Study results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.Trial registration numberDRKS00035178. |
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| AbstractList | IntroductionSquamous cell carcinoma and multiple actinic keratoses caused by solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) are among the most frequently recognised occupational diseases in Germany. Employees who regularly work outdoors, for example, in the construction industry, agriculture, forestry and gardening, are at a higher risk of developing occupational skin cancer. However, sun-safety behaviour in outdoor workers is currently insufficient. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of an intervention to increase sunscreen use among outdoor workers.Methods and analysisIn this non-randomised, controlled intervention study, 234 outdoor workers from different companies in industries with outdoor working activities based in Germany will be included. The study population, aged 18 years and above, has to be intensively exposed to solar UVR of regularly 1 hour or more per day. The intervention group will receive a sunscreen package as well as health education. The control group follows the practice in their companies (‘treatment-as-usual’). At the beginning of the study, after 3 months and at the end of the study (after 6 months), both groups filled in different questionnaires. In addition, stratum corneum (SC) samples will be collected at the beginning and after 3 months. The primary outcome—increase in the frequency of sunscreen use during work and in leisure time—will be assessed from data on self-reported sunscreen use. The secondary outcomes include sun protection behaviour, knowledge about sun protection and skin cancer, and acceptance of the provided sunscreens. Further secondary outcomes include internal UV dose and UV-related immune response, determined by the levels of SC biomarkers. Data will be analysed using both descriptive and inferential methods.Ethics and disseminationThe study protocol followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (2013) and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Osnabrück University, Germany (reference Ethik-37/2024). Study results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.Trial registration numberDRKS00035178. Introduction Squamous cell carcinoma and multiple actinic keratoses caused by solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) are among the most frequently recognised occupational diseases in Germany. Employees who regularly work outdoors, for example, in the construction industry, agriculture, forestry and gardening, are at a higher risk of developing occupational skin cancer. However, sun-safety behaviour in outdoor workers is currently insufficient. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of an intervention to increase sunscreen use among outdoor workers.Methods and analysis In this non-randomised, controlled intervention study, 234 outdoor workers from different companies in industries with outdoor working activities based in Germany will be included. The study population, aged 18 years and above, has to be intensively exposed to solar UVR of regularly 1 hour or more per day. The intervention group will receive a sunscreen package as well as health education. The control group follows the practice in their companies (‘treatment-as-usual’). At the beginning of the study, after 3 months and at the end of the study (after 6 months), both groups filled in different questionnaires. In addition, stratum corneum (SC) samples will be collected at the beginning and after 3 months. The primary outcome—increase in the frequency of sunscreen use during work and in leisure time—will be assessed from data on self-reported sunscreen use. The secondary outcomes include sun protection behaviour, knowledge about sun protection and skin cancer, and acceptance of the provided sunscreens. Further secondary outcomes include internal UV dose and UV-related immune response, determined by the levels of SC biomarkers. Data will be analysed using both descriptive and inferential methods.Ethics and dissemination The study protocol followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (2013) and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Osnabrück University, Germany (reference Ethik-37/2024). Study results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.Trial registration number DRKS00035178. Squamous cell carcinoma and multiple actinic keratoses caused by solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) are among the most frequently recognised occupational diseases in Germany. Employees who regularly work outdoors, for example, in the construction industry, agriculture, forestry and gardening, are at a higher risk of developing occupational skin cancer. However, sun-safety behaviour in outdoor workers is currently insufficient. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of an intervention to increase sunscreen use among outdoor workers. In this non-randomised, controlled intervention study, 234 outdoor workers from different companies in industries with outdoor working activities based in Germany will be included. The study population, aged 18 years and above, has to be intensively exposed to solar UVR of regularly 1 hour or more per day. The intervention group will receive a sunscreen package as well as health education. The control group follows the practice in their companies ('treatment-as-usual'). At the beginning of the study, after 3 months and at the end of the study (after 6 months), both groups filled in different questionnaires. In addition, stratum corneum (SC) samples will be collected at the beginning and after 3 months. The primary outcome-increase in the frequency of sunscreen use during work and in leisure time-will be assessed from data on self-reported sunscreen use. The secondary outcomes include sun protection behaviour, knowledge about sun protection and skin cancer, and acceptance of the provided sunscreens. Further secondary outcomes include internal UV dose and UV-related immune response, determined by the levels of SC biomarkers. Data will be analysed using both descriptive and inferential methods. The study protocol followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (2013) and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Osnabrück University, Germany (reference Ethik-37/2024). Study results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations. DRKS00035178. Squamous cell carcinoma and multiple actinic keratoses caused by solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) are among the most frequently recognised occupational diseases in Germany. Employees who regularly work outdoors, for example, in the construction industry, agriculture, forestry and gardening, are at a higher risk of developing occupational skin cancer. However, sun-safety behaviour in outdoor workers is currently insufficient. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of an intervention to increase sunscreen use among outdoor workers.INTRODUCTIONSquamous cell carcinoma and multiple actinic keratoses caused by solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) are among the most frequently recognised occupational diseases in Germany. Employees who regularly work outdoors, for example, in the construction industry, agriculture, forestry and gardening, are at a higher risk of developing occupational skin cancer. However, sun-safety behaviour in outdoor workers is currently insufficient. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of an intervention to increase sunscreen use among outdoor workers.In this non-randomised, controlled intervention study, 234 outdoor workers from different companies in industries with outdoor working activities based in Germany will be included. The study population, aged 18 years and above, has to be intensively exposed to solar UVR of regularly 1 hour or more per day. The intervention group will receive a sunscreen package as well as health education. The control group follows the practice in their companies ('treatment-as-usual'). At the beginning of the study, after 3 months and at the end of the study (after 6 months), both groups filled in different questionnaires. In addition, stratum corneum (SC) samples will be collected at the beginning and after 3 months. The primary outcome-increase in the frequency of sunscreen use during work and in leisure time-will be assessed from data on self-reported sunscreen use. The secondary outcomes include sun protection behaviour, knowledge about sun protection and skin cancer, and acceptance of the provided sunscreens. Further secondary outcomes include internal UV dose and UV-related immune response, determined by the levels of SC biomarkers. Data will be analysed using both descriptive and inferential methods.METHODS AND ANALYSISIn this non-randomised, controlled intervention study, 234 outdoor workers from different companies in industries with outdoor working activities based in Germany will be included. The study population, aged 18 years and above, has to be intensively exposed to solar UVR of regularly 1 hour or more per day. The intervention group will receive a sunscreen package as well as health education. The control group follows the practice in their companies ('treatment-as-usual'). At the beginning of the study, after 3 months and at the end of the study (after 6 months), both groups filled in different questionnaires. In addition, stratum corneum (SC) samples will be collected at the beginning and after 3 months. The primary outcome-increase in the frequency of sunscreen use during work and in leisure time-will be assessed from data on self-reported sunscreen use. The secondary outcomes include sun protection behaviour, knowledge about sun protection and skin cancer, and acceptance of the provided sunscreens. Further secondary outcomes include internal UV dose and UV-related immune response, determined by the levels of SC biomarkers. Data will be analysed using both descriptive and inferential methods.The study protocol followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (2013) and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Osnabrück University, Germany (reference Ethik-37/2024). Study results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.ETHICS AND DISSEMINATIONThe study protocol followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (2013) and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Osnabrück University, Germany (reference Ethik-37/2024). Study results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.DRKS00035178.TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERDRKS00035178. |
| Author | Kezic, Sanja de Boer, Florentine Skudlik, Christoph Rocholl, Marc van der Molen, Henk F Jakaša, Ivone Ludewig, Michaela John, Swen Malte Dick, Anja |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Anja orcidid: 0000-0001-5525-9245 surname: Dick fullname: Dick, Anja email: andick@uni organization: Peter Greven Physioderm GmbH, Euskirchen, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany – sequence: 2 givenname: Marc surname: Rocholl fullname: Rocholl, Marc organization: Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Niedersachsen, Germany – sequence: 3 givenname: Michaela orcidid: 0000-0003-1214-1399 surname: Ludewig fullname: Ludewig, Michaela organization: University of Applied Health Sciences Bochum, Bochum, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany – sequence: 4 givenname: Christoph surname: Skudlik fullname: Skudlik, Christoph organization: Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Niedersachsen, Germany – sequence: 5 givenname: Ivone surname: Jakaša fullname: Jakaša, Ivone organization: Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia – sequence: 6 givenname: Sanja surname: Kezic fullname: Kezic, Sanja organization: Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands – sequence: 7 givenname: Florentine surname: de Boer fullname: de Boer, Florentine organization: Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands – sequence: 8 givenname: Henk F orcidid: 0000-0002-0719-2020 surname: van der Molen fullname: van der Molen, Henk F organization: Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands – sequence: 9 givenname: Swen Malte orcidid: 0000-0001-5406-9458 surname: John fullname: John, Swen Malte organization: Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Niedersachsen, Germany |
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| Keywords | skin cancer sunscreen occupational outdoor worker sun protection |
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| References | Keurentjes, Kezic, Rustemeyer (R28) 2022; 10 Symanzik, Skudlik, John (R30) 2023; 73 Alfonso, Bauer, Bensefa-Colas (R14) 2017; 31 Suppl 4 Leiter, Keim, Garbe (R3) 2020; 1268 Wittlich, John, Tiplica (R5) 2020; 34 Schmitt, Seidler, Diepgen (R9) 2011; 164 Schwarzer (R24) 2008; 23 Diffey (R17) 2000; 320 Hulshof, Hack, Hasnoe (R31) 2019; 180 Reis-Mansur, da Luz, dos Santos (R16) 2023; 10 Rocholl, Weinert, Bielfeldt (R19) 2021; 16 Symanzik, Stasielowicz, Brans (R26) 2022; 87 Taylor, Diffey (R18) 2002; 324 Keurentjes, Jakasa, John (R32) 2020; 25 Karimkhani, Boyers, Dellavalle (R1) 2015; 72 Symanzik, John (R2) 2024; 4 Trakatelli, Barkitzi, Apap (R10) 2016; 30 Bauer, Diepgen, Schmitt (R7) 2011; 165 Rönsch, Rocholl, Ludewig (R29) 2024; 22 Sena, Girão, Carvalho (R8) 2016; 62 Keurentjes, Jakasa, van Dijk (R33) 2022; 38 Symanzik, John (R11) 2022; 10 Peters, Koehoorn, Demers (R27) 2016; 7 Bauer, Haufe, Heinrich (R12) 2021; 72 Ziehfreund, Krause, Rotter (R15) 2020; 71 Wittlich, Westerhausen, Strehl (R13) 2023; 188 Craciun, Schüz, Lippke (R25) 2012; 19 Disease Cancer (R4) 2019; 5 Strehl, Quade, Brose (R6) 2022; 5 Chan, Tetzlaff, Gøtzsche (R22) 2013; 346 Symanzik (2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.26) 2022; 87 Keurentjes (2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.32) 2020; 25 Bauer (2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.12) 2021; 72 Alfonso (2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.14) 2017; 31 Suppl 4 Karimkhani (2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.1) 2015; 72 Wittlich (2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.13) 2023; 188 2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.20 Strehl (2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.6) 2022; 5 Disease Cancer (2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.4) 2019; 5 Schwarzer (2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.24) 2008; 23 Bauer (2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.7) 2011; 165 2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.23 Keurentjes (2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.28) 2022; 10 2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.21 Chan (2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.22) 2013; 346 Peters (2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.27) 2016; 7 Reis-Mansur (2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.16) 2023; 10 2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.25 Sena (2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.8) 2016; 62 2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.18 Symanzik (2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.2) 2024; 4 Rönsch (2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.29) 2024; 22 Ziehfreund (2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.15) 2020; 71 Trakatelli (2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.10) 2016; 30 2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.3 2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.9 Rocholl (2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.19) 2021; 16 Wittlich (2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.5) 2020; 34 2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.31 Symanzik (2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.30) 2023; 73 Symanzik (2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.11) 2022; 10 2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.17 Keurentjes (2025111907102783000_15.10.e095054.33) 2022; 38 |
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| Snippet | IntroductionSquamous cell carcinoma and multiple actinic keratoses caused by solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) are among the most frequently recognised... Squamous cell carcinoma and multiple actinic keratoses caused by solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) are among the most frequently recognised occupational... Introduction Squamous cell carcinoma and multiple actinic keratoses caused by solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) are among the most frequently recognised... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adult Biomarkers Carcinoma, Squamous Cell - prevention & control Construction industry Dermatology Employees Female Germany Health Education - methods Humans Immune response Male Melanoma Middle Aged Non-Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic occupational Occupational Diseases - prevention & control Occupational Exposure - adverse effects Occupational Exposure - prevention & control outdoor worker Outdoors Protective clothing Questionnaires Self report Skin cancer Skin Neoplasms - prevention & control Sun sun protection Sunlight - adverse effects Sunscreen Sunscreening Agents - administration & dosage Sunscreening Agents - therapeutic use Surveys and Questionnaires Ultraviolet Rays - adverse effects |
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| Title | Evaluation of an intervention to increase topical sunscreen use in German outdoor workers: study protocol for the non-randomised controlled intervention study ProtExSun |
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