Semaglutide and diabetic retinopathy: an OHDSI network study
IntroductionSemaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), has potential associations with higher rates of diabetic retinopathy (DR) complications including proliferative DR (PDR) and diabetic macular edema (DME). The purpose of this s...
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| Vydáno v: | BMJ open diabetes research & care Ročník 13; číslo 6; s. e005424 |
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| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
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England
American Diabetes Association
04.11.2025
BMJ Publishing Group LTD BMJ Publishing Group |
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| ISSN: | 2052-4897, 2052-4897 |
| On-line přístup: | Získat plný text |
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| Abstract | IntroductionSemaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), has potential associations with higher rates of diabetic retinopathy (DR) complications including proliferative DR (PDR) and diabetic macular edema (DME). The purpose of this study was to determine whether an association exists between semaglutide and PDR and treatment-requiring DR/DME.Research design and methodsThis was a retrospective cohort study of 14 databases (six administrative claims and eight electronic health records) in the Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics Evidence Network. Adults with T2D on semaglutide, other GLP-1RA (dulaglutide, exenatide), or non-GLP-1RA medications (empagliflozin, sitagliptin, glipizide) from 1 December 2017 to 31 December 2023 were included. The association between semaglutide and PDR or treatment-requiring DR/DME was assessed using an active-comparator cohort design comparing new users of semaglutide as second-line T2D treatment to those on other GLP-1RAs and non-GLP-1RAs. Propensity score-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs). Network-wide HR estimates were generated using a random-effects meta-analysis.ResultsThe study included 810 390 new semaglutide users for T2D. PDR risk for semaglutide was similar to dulaglutide (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.54, p=0.51), empagliflozin (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.30, p=0.41) and sitagliptin (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.55, p=0.57) but was lower than glipizide (HR 0.59, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.88, p=0.01). The risk for treatment-requiring DR/DME for semaglutide was similar to empagliflozin (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.02, p=0.06) but lower than dulaglutide (HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.91, p=0.02), sitagliptin (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.81, p=0.008) and glipizide (HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.91, p=0.02).Conclusions and relevanceWe did not identify increased risk for either PDR or treatment-requiring DR/DME comparing semaglutide with other GLP-1RAs or non-GLP-1RAs. Patients with T2D should still undergo close eye care follow-up, particularly when initiating new antihyperglycemic medications. |
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| AbstractList | Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), has potential associations with higher rates of diabetic retinopathy (DR) complications including proliferative DR (PDR) and diabetic macular edema (DME). The purpose of this study was to determine whether an association exists between semaglutide and PDR and treatment-requiring DR/DME.
This was a retrospective cohort study of 14 databases (six administrative claims and eight electronic health records) in the Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics Evidence Network. Adults with T2D on semaglutide, other GLP-1RA (dulaglutide, exenatide), or non-GLP-1RA medications (empagliflozin, sitagliptin, glipizide) from 1 December 2017 to 31 December 2023 were included. The association between semaglutide and PDR or treatment-requiring DR/DME was assessed using an active-comparator cohort design comparing new users of semaglutide as second-line T2D treatment to those on other GLP-1RAs and non-GLP-1RAs. Propensity score-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs). Network-wide HR estimates were generated using a random-effects meta-analysis.
The study included 810 390 new semaglutide users for T2D. PDR risk for semaglutide was similar to dulaglutide (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.54, p=0.51), empagliflozin (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.30, p=0.41) and sitagliptin (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.55, p=0.57) but was lower than glipizide (HR 0.59, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.88, p=0.01). The risk for treatment-requiring DR/DME for semaglutide was similar to empagliflozin (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.02, p=0.06) but lower than dulaglutide (HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.91, p=0.02), sitagliptin (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.81, p=0.008) and glipizide (HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.91, p=0.02).
We did not identify increased risk for either PDR or treatment-requiring DR/DME comparing semaglutide with other GLP-1RAs or non-GLP-1RAs. Patients with T2D should still undergo close eye care follow-up, particularly when initiating new antihyperglycemic medications. IntroductionSemaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), has potential associations with higher rates of diabetic retinopathy (DR) complications including proliferative DR (PDR) and diabetic macular edema (DME). The purpose of this study was to determine whether an association exists between semaglutide and PDR and treatment-requiring DR/DME.Research design and methodsThis was a retrospective cohort study of 14 databases (six administrative claims and eight electronic health records) in the Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics Evidence Network. Adults with T2D on semaglutide, other GLP-1RA (dulaglutide, exenatide), or non-GLP-1RA medications (empagliflozin, sitagliptin, glipizide) from 1 December 2017 to 31 December 2023 were included. The association between semaglutide and PDR or treatment-requiring DR/DME was assessed using an active-comparator cohort design comparing new users of semaglutide as second-line T2D treatment to those on other GLP-1RAs and non-GLP-1RAs. Propensity score-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs). Network-wide HR estimates were generated using a random-effects meta-analysis.ResultsThe study included 810 390 new semaglutide users for T2D. PDR risk for semaglutide was similar to dulaglutide (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.54, p=0.51), empagliflozin (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.30, p=0.41) and sitagliptin (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.55, p=0.57) but was lower than glipizide (HR 0.59, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.88, p=0.01). The risk for treatment-requiring DR/DME for semaglutide was similar to empagliflozin (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.02, p=0.06) but lower than dulaglutide (HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.91, p=0.02), sitagliptin (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.81, p=0.008) and glipizide (HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.91, p=0.02).Conclusions and relevanceWe did not identify increased risk for either PDR or treatment-requiring DR/DME comparing semaglutide with other GLP-1RAs or non-GLP-1RAs. Patients with T2D should still undergo close eye care follow-up, particularly when initiating new antihyperglycemic medications. Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), has potential associations with higher rates of diabetic retinopathy (DR) complications including proliferative DR (PDR) and diabetic macular edema (DME). The purpose of this study was to determine whether an association exists between semaglutide and PDR and treatment-requiring DR/DME.INTRODUCTIONSemaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), has potential associations with higher rates of diabetic retinopathy (DR) complications including proliferative DR (PDR) and diabetic macular edema (DME). The purpose of this study was to determine whether an association exists between semaglutide and PDR and treatment-requiring DR/DME.This was a retrospective cohort study of 14 databases (six administrative claims and eight electronic health records) in the Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics Evidence Network. Adults with T2D on semaglutide, other GLP-1RA (dulaglutide, exenatide), or non-GLP-1RA medications (empagliflozin, sitagliptin, glipizide) from 1 December 2017 to 31 December 2023 were included. The association between semaglutide and PDR or treatment-requiring DR/DME was assessed using an active-comparator cohort design comparing new users of semaglutide as second-line T2D treatment to those on other GLP-1RAs and non-GLP-1RAs. Propensity score-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs). Network-wide HR estimates were generated using a random-effects meta-analysis.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSThis was a retrospective cohort study of 14 databases (six administrative claims and eight electronic health records) in the Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics Evidence Network. Adults with T2D on semaglutide, other GLP-1RA (dulaglutide, exenatide), or non-GLP-1RA medications (empagliflozin, sitagliptin, glipizide) from 1 December 2017 to 31 December 2023 were included. The association between semaglutide and PDR or treatment-requiring DR/DME was assessed using an active-comparator cohort design comparing new users of semaglutide as second-line T2D treatment to those on other GLP-1RAs and non-GLP-1RAs. Propensity score-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs). Network-wide HR estimates were generated using a random-effects meta-analysis.The study included 810 390 new semaglutide users for T2D. PDR risk for semaglutide was similar to dulaglutide (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.54, p=0.51), empagliflozin (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.30, p=0.41) and sitagliptin (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.55, p=0.57) but was lower than glipizide (HR 0.59, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.88, p=0.01). The risk for treatment-requiring DR/DME for semaglutide was similar to empagliflozin (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.02, p=0.06) but lower than dulaglutide (HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.91, p=0.02), sitagliptin (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.81, p=0.008) and glipizide (HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.91, p=0.02).RESULTSThe study included 810 390 new semaglutide users for T2D. PDR risk for semaglutide was similar to dulaglutide (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.54, p=0.51), empagliflozin (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.30, p=0.41) and sitagliptin (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.55, p=0.57) but was lower than glipizide (HR 0.59, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.88, p=0.01). The risk for treatment-requiring DR/DME for semaglutide was similar to empagliflozin (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.02, p=0.06) but lower than dulaglutide (HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.91, p=0.02), sitagliptin (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.81, p=0.008) and glipizide (HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.91, p=0.02).We did not identify increased risk for either PDR or treatment-requiring DR/DME comparing semaglutide with other GLP-1RAs or non-GLP-1RAs. Patients with T2D should still undergo close eye care follow-up, particularly when initiating new antihyperglycemic medications.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEWe did not identify increased risk for either PDR or treatment-requiring DR/DME comparing semaglutide with other GLP-1RAs or non-GLP-1RAs. Patients with T2D should still undergo close eye care follow-up, particularly when initiating new antihyperglycemic medications. Introduction Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), has potential associations with higher rates of diabetic retinopathy (DR) complications including proliferative DR (PDR) and diabetic macular edema (DME). The purpose of this study was to determine whether an association exists between semaglutide and PDR and treatment-requiring DR/DME.Research design and methods This was a retrospective cohort study of 14 databases (six administrative claims and eight electronic health records) in the Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics Evidence Network. Adults with T2D on semaglutide, other GLP-1RA (dulaglutide, exenatide), or non-GLP-1RA medications (empagliflozin, sitagliptin, glipizide) from 1 December 2017 to 31 December 2023 were included. The association between semaglutide and PDR or treatment-requiring DR/DME was assessed using an active-comparator cohort design comparing new users of semaglutide as second-line T2D treatment to those on other GLP-1RAs and non-GLP-1RAs. Propensity score-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs). Network-wide HR estimates were generated using a random-effects meta-analysis.Results The study included 810 390 new semaglutide users for T2D. PDR risk for semaglutide was similar to dulaglutide (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.54, p=0.51), empagliflozin (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.30, p=0.41) and sitagliptin (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.55, p=0.57) but was lower than glipizide (HR 0.59, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.88, p=0.01). The risk for treatment-requiring DR/DME for semaglutide was similar to empagliflozin (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.02, p=0.06) but lower than dulaglutide (HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.91, p=0.02), sitagliptin (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.81, p=0.008) and glipizide (HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.91, p=0.02).Conclusions and relevance We did not identify increased risk for either PDR or treatment-requiring DR/DME comparing semaglutide with other GLP-1RAs or non-GLP-1RAs. Patients with T2D should still undergo close eye care follow-up, particularly when initiating new antihyperglycemic medications. |
| Author | Adibuzzaman, Mohammad Mathioudakis, Nestoras Ryan, Patrick Lee, Lok Hin McCoy, David Tran, Diep Chen, John Baxter, Sally Toy, Brian Alshammari, Thamir Chen, Aiyin Bu, Fan Wilcox, Adam Nishimura, Akihiko Xie, Yangyiran Hripcsak, George Cai, Cindy Xinji Swerdel, Joel Nagy, Paul Brown, Eric Rustam, Zainab Westlund, Erik Hribar, Michelle Barkmeier, Andrew Flowers, Alexis Leng, Theodore Xu, Benjamin Schuemie, Martijn Fan, Ruochong Swaminathan, Swarup Dorr, David Lai, Albert Areaux, Raymond Zhu, Gina Wang, Sophia Martin, Benjamin Zhang, Linying Sena, Anthony Humes, Izabelle Falconer, Thomas Morgan-Cooper, Hannah Brash, James Weiskopf, Nicole Suchard, Marc Desai, Priya Boland, Michael Stocking, Jacqueline C Goetz, Kerry |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Cindy Xinji orcidid: 0000-0003-3752-7239 surname: Cai fullname: Cai, Cindy Xinji email: ccai6@jhmi.edu organization: Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Akihiko surname: Nishimura fullname: Nishimura, Akihiko organization: Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Sally surname: Baxter fullname: Baxter, Sally organization: Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Kerry surname: Goetz fullname: Goetz, Kerry organization: National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Michelle surname: Hribar fullname: Hribar, Michelle organization: Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA – sequence: 6 givenname: Brian surname: Toy fullname: Toy, Brian organization: Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA – sequence: 7 givenname: Andrew surname: Barkmeier fullname: Barkmeier, Andrew organization: Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA – sequence: 8 givenname: Sophia surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Sophia organization: Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA – sequence: 9 givenname: Swarup surname: Swaminathan fullname: Swaminathan, Swarup organization: Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA – sequence: 10 givenname: Alexis surname: Flowers fullname: Flowers, Alexis organization: Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA – sequence: 11 givenname: Eric surname: Brown fullname: Brown, Eric organization: Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA – sequence: 12 givenname: Benjamin surname: Xu fullname: Xu, Benjamin organization: Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA – sequence: 13 givenname: John surname: Chen fullname: Chen, John organization: Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA – sequence: 14 givenname: Aiyin surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Aiyin organization: Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA – sequence: 15 givenname: Theodore surname: Leng fullname: Leng, Theodore organization: Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA – sequence: 16 givenname: Michael surname: Boland fullname: Boland, Michael organization: Department of Ophthalmology, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA – sequence: 17 givenname: Thamir surname: Alshammari fullname: Alshammari, Thamir organization: Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia – sequence: 18 givenname: Fan surname: Bu fullname: Bu, Fan organization: Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA – sequence: 19 givenname: Thomas surname: Falconer fullname: Falconer, Thomas organization: Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA – sequence: 20 givenname: Benjamin surname: Martin fullname: Martin, Benjamin organization: Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA – sequence: 21 givenname: Erik surname: Westlund fullname: Westlund, Erik organization: Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA – sequence: 22 givenname: Nestoras surname: Mathioudakis fullname: Mathioudakis, Nestoras organization: Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA – sequence: 23 givenname: Linying surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Linying organization: Institute for Informatics, Data Science and Biostatistics,Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA – sequence: 24 givenname: Ruochong surname: Fan fullname: Fan, Ruochong organization: Institute for Informatics, Data Science and Biostatistics,Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA – sequence: 25 givenname: Adam surname: Wilcox fullname: Wilcox, Adam organization: Institute for Informatics, Data Science and Biostatistics,Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA – sequence: 26 givenname: Albert surname: Lai fullname: Lai, Albert organization: Institute for Informatics, Data Science and Biostatistics,Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA – sequence: 27 givenname: Jacqueline C orcidid: 0000-0003-0775-684X surname: Stocking fullname: Stocking, Jacqueline C organization: Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA – sequence: 28 givenname: Yangyiran surname: Xie fullname: Xie, Yangyiran organization: Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA – sequence: 29 givenname: Lok Hin surname: Lee fullname: Lee, Lok Hin organization: Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA – sequence: 30 givenname: David surname: Dorr fullname: Dorr, David organization: Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA – sequence: 31 givenname: Izabelle surname: Humes fullname: Humes, Izabelle organization: Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA – sequence: 32 givenname: David surname: McCoy fullname: McCoy, David organization: Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA – sequence: 33 givenname: Mohammad surname: Adibuzzaman fullname: Adibuzzaman, Mohammad organization: Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA – sequence: 34 givenname: Raymond surname: Areaux fullname: Areaux, Raymond organization: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA – sequence: 35 givenname: James surname: Brash fullname: Brash, James organization: IQVIA, Real World Solutions, Brighton, England, UK – sequence: 36 givenname: Nicole surname: Weiskopf fullname: Weiskopf, Nicole organization: Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA – sequence: 37 givenname: Hannah surname: Morgan-Cooper fullname: Morgan-Cooper, Hannah organization: Stanford School of Medicine and Stanford Health Care, Stanford, California, USA – sequence: 38 givenname: Priya surname: Desai fullname: Desai, Priya organization: Stanford School of Medicine and Stanford Health Care, Stanford, California, USA – sequence: 39 givenname: Diep surname: Tran fullname: Tran, Diep organization: Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA – sequence: 40 givenname: Zainab surname: Rustam fullname: Rustam, Zainab organization: Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA – sequence: 41 givenname: Gina surname: Zhu fullname: Zhu, Gina organization: Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA – sequence: 42 givenname: Joel surname: Swerdel fullname: Swerdel, Joel organization: Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, New Jersey, USA – sequence: 43 givenname: Anthony surname: Sena fullname: Sena, Anthony organization: Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands – sequence: 44 givenname: Paul surname: Nagy fullname: Nagy, Paul organization: Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA – sequence: 45 givenname: Marc surname: Suchard fullname: Suchard, Marc organization: VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, UT, USA – sequence: 46 givenname: Martijn surname: Schuemie fullname: Schuemie, Martijn organization: Johnson and Johnson, Horsham, PA, USA – sequence: 47 givenname: George surname: Hripcsak fullname: Hripcsak, George organization: Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA – sequence: 48 givenname: Patrick surname: Ryan fullname: Ryan, Patrick organization: Johnson and Johnson, Horsham, PA, USA |
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| Keywords | Diabetes Complications Diabetic Retinopathy |
| Language | English |
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| PublicationTitle | BMJ open diabetes research & care |
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| Snippet | IntroductionSemaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), has potential associations with... Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), has potential associations with higher rates of... Introduction Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), has potential associations with... |
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| SubjectTerms | Aged Clinical medicine Clinical trials Diabetes Diabetes Complications Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - complications Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - drug therapy Diabetic Retinopathy Diabetic Retinopathy - chemically induced Diabetic Retinopathy - epidemiology Epidemiology/Health services research FDA approval Female Follow-Up Studies GLP-1 receptor agonists Glucagon Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists Glucagon-Like Peptides - adverse effects Glucagon-Like Peptides - analogs & derivatives Glucagon-Like Peptides - therapeutic use Hispanic Americans Humans Hypoglycemic Agents - adverse effects Hypoglycemic Agents - therapeutic use Informatics Male Middle Aged Peptides Retrospective Studies Sensitivity analysis |
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| Title | Semaglutide and diabetic retinopathy: an OHDSI network study |
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