Urinary excretion of platinum from South African precious metals refinery workers
BackgroundUrinary platinum (Pt) excretion is a reliable biomarker for occupational Pt exposure and has been previously reported for precious metals refinery workers in Europe but not for South Africa, the world’s largest producer of Pt.ObjectiveThis study aimed to quantify the urinary Pt excretion o...
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| Published in: | Occupational and environmental medicine (London, England) Vol. 75; no. 6; pp. 436 - 442 |
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| Language: | English |
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01.06.2018
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| ISSN: | 1351-0711, 1470-7926, 1470-7926 |
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| Abstract | BackgroundUrinary platinum (Pt) excretion is a reliable biomarker for occupational Pt exposure and has been previously reported for precious metals refinery workers in Europe but not for South Africa, the world’s largest producer of Pt.ObjectiveThis study aimed to quantify the urinary Pt excretion of South African precious metals refinery workers.MethodsSpot urine samples were collected from 40 workers (directly and indirectly exposed to Pt) at two South African precious metals refineries on three consecutive mornings prior to their shifts. Urine samples were analysed for Pt using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and were corrected for creatinine content.ResultsThe urinary Pt excretion of workers did not differ significantly between sampling days. Urinary Pt excretions ranged from <0.1 to 3.0 µg Pt/g creatinine with a geometric mean of 0.21 µg Pt/g creatinine (95% CI 0.17 to 0.26 µg Pt/g creatinine). The work area (P=0.0006; η2=0.567) and the number of years workers were employed at the refineries (P=0.003; η2=0.261) influenced their urinary Pt excretion according to effect size analyses. Directly exposed workers had significantly higher urinary Pt excretion compared with indirectly exposed workers (P=0.007).ConclusionThe urinary Pt excretion of South African precious metals refinery workers reported in this study is comparable with that of seven other studies conducted in precious metals refineries and automotive catalyst plants in Europe. The Pt body burden of workers is predominantly determined by their work area, years of employment in the refineries and whether they are directly or indirectly exposed to Pt. |
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| AbstractList | Urinary platinum (Pt) excretion is a reliable biomarker for occupational Pt exposure and has been previously reported for precious metals refinery workers in Europe but not for South Africa, the world's largest producer of Pt.
This study aimed to quantify the urinary Pt excretion of South African precious metals refinery workers.
Spot urine samples were collected from 40 workers (directly and indirectly exposed to Pt) at two South African precious metals refineries on three consecutive mornings prior to their shifts. Urine samples were analysed for Pt using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and were corrected for creatinine content.
The urinary Pt excretion of workers did not differ significantly between sampling days. Urinary Pt excretions ranged from <0.1 to 3.0 µg Pt/g creatinine with a geometric mean of 0.21 µg Pt/g creatinine (95% CI 0.17 to 0.26 µg Pt/g creatinine). The work area (P=0.0006; η
=0.567) and the number of years workers were employed at the refineries (P=0.003; η
=0.261) influenced their urinary Pt excretion according to effect size analyses. Directly exposed workers had significantly higher urinary Pt excretion compared with indirectly exposed workers (P=0.007).
The urinary Pt excretion of South African precious metals refinery workers reported in this study is comparable with that of seven other studies conducted in precious metals refineries and automotive catalyst plants in Europe. The Pt body burden of workers is predominantly determined by their work area, years of employment in the refineries and whether they are directly or indirectly exposed to Pt. BackgroundUrinary platinum (Pt) excretion is a reliable biomarker for occupational Pt exposure and has been previously reported for precious metals refinery workers in Europe but not for South Africa, the world’s largest producer of Pt.ObjectiveThis study aimed to quantify the urinary Pt excretion of South African precious metals refinery workers.MethodsSpot urine samples were collected from 40 workers (directly and indirectly exposed to Pt) at two South African precious metals refineries on three consecutive mornings prior to their shifts. Urine samples were analysed for Pt using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and were corrected for creatinine content.ResultsThe urinary Pt excretion of workers did not differ significantly between sampling days. Urinary Pt excretions ranged from <0.1 to 3.0 µg Pt/g creatinine with a geometric mean of 0.21 µg Pt/g creatinine (95% CI 0.17 to 0.26 µg Pt/g creatinine). The work area (P=0.0006; η2=0.567) and the number of years workers were employed at the refineries (P=0.003; η2=0.261) influenced their urinary Pt excretion according to effect size analyses. Directly exposed workers had significantly higher urinary Pt excretion compared with indirectly exposed workers (P=0.007).ConclusionThe urinary Pt excretion of South African precious metals refinery workers reported in this study is comparable with that of seven other studies conducted in precious metals refineries and automotive catalyst plants in Europe. The Pt body burden of workers is predominantly determined by their work area, years of employment in the refineries and whether they are directly or indirectly exposed to Pt. Urinary platinum (Pt) excretion is a reliable biomarker for occupational Pt exposure and has been previously reported for precious metals refinery workers in Europe but not for South Africa, the world's largest producer of Pt.BACKGROUNDUrinary platinum (Pt) excretion is a reliable biomarker for occupational Pt exposure and has been previously reported for precious metals refinery workers in Europe but not for South Africa, the world's largest producer of Pt.This study aimed to quantify the urinary Pt excretion of South African precious metals refinery workers.OBJECTIVEThis study aimed to quantify the urinary Pt excretion of South African precious metals refinery workers.Spot urine samples were collected from 40 workers (directly and indirectly exposed to Pt) at two South African precious metals refineries on three consecutive mornings prior to their shifts. Urine samples were analysed for Pt using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and were corrected for creatinine content.METHODSSpot urine samples were collected from 40 workers (directly and indirectly exposed to Pt) at two South African precious metals refineries on three consecutive mornings prior to their shifts. Urine samples were analysed for Pt using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and were corrected for creatinine content.The urinary Pt excretion of workers did not differ significantly between sampling days. Urinary Pt excretions ranged from <0.1 to 3.0 µg Pt/g creatinine with a geometric mean of 0.21 µg Pt/g creatinine (95% CI 0.17 to 0.26 µg Pt/g creatinine). The work area (P=0.0006; η2=0.567) and the number of years workers were employed at the refineries (P=0.003; η2=0.261) influenced their urinary Pt excretion according to effect size analyses. Directly exposed workers had significantly higher urinary Pt excretion compared with indirectly exposed workers (P=0.007).RESULTSThe urinary Pt excretion of workers did not differ significantly between sampling days. Urinary Pt excretions ranged from <0.1 to 3.0 µg Pt/g creatinine with a geometric mean of 0.21 µg Pt/g creatinine (95% CI 0.17 to 0.26 µg Pt/g creatinine). The work area (P=0.0006; η2=0.567) and the number of years workers were employed at the refineries (P=0.003; η2=0.261) influenced their urinary Pt excretion according to effect size analyses. Directly exposed workers had significantly higher urinary Pt excretion compared with indirectly exposed workers (P=0.007).The urinary Pt excretion of South African precious metals refinery workers reported in this study is comparable with that of seven other studies conducted in precious metals refineries and automotive catalyst plants in Europe. The Pt body burden of workers is predominantly determined by their work area, years of employment in the refineries and whether they are directly or indirectly exposed to Pt.CONCLUSIONThe urinary Pt excretion of South African precious metals refinery workers reported in this study is comparable with that of seven other studies conducted in precious metals refineries and automotive catalyst plants in Europe. The Pt body burden of workers is predominantly determined by their work area, years of employment in the refineries and whether they are directly or indirectly exposed to Pt. |
| Author | Franken, Anja du Plessis, Johannes L Linde, Stephanus J L |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Stephanus J L orcidid: 0000-0002-0628-5268 surname: Linde fullname: Linde, Stephanus J L email: stefan.linde@nwu.ac.za organization: Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative (OHHRI), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa – sequence: 2 givenname: Anja surname: Franken fullname: Franken, Anja email: stefan.linde@nwu.ac.za organization: Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative (OHHRI), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa – sequence: 3 givenname: Johannes L surname: du Plessis fullname: du Plessis, Johannes L email: stefan.linde@nwu.ac.za organization: Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative (OHHRI), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29602823$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jhazmat_2020_124740 crossref_primary_10_1093_annweh_wxaa105 crossref_primary_10_1177_11786302241271553 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijheh_2018_05_016 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.08.014 10.1080/10937404.2013.864250 10.1007/s004200050209 10.1136/oem.55.2.138 10.1093/annhyg/mes073 10.1016/j.microc.2003.11.005 10.1136/oem.2.2.92 10.1007/BF00685736 10.1080/00032710701689099 10.1136/oem.52.10.661 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.07.030 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.12.010 10.1002/ajim.4700180604 10.1016/S0091-6749(00)90089-7 10.1007/s00420-007-0195-y 10.1289/ehp.751235 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.07.007 10.1080/15459621003609713 10.2307/3428395 10.1136/oem.2004.016022 10.1007/s004200050208 10.1080/13557859998029 10.1039/a705920e 10.1289/ehp.7615131 10.1289/ehp.1409551 10.1016/S0934-8859(99)80006-6 |
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| Keywords | body burden exposure assessment biomonitoring platinum group metals |
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| Snippet | BackgroundUrinary platinum (Pt) excretion is a reliable biomarker for occupational Pt exposure and has been previously reported for precious metals refinery... Urinary platinum (Pt) excretion is a reliable biomarker for occupational Pt exposure and has been previously reported for precious metals refinery workers in... |
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| SubjectTerms | Automotive bodies Automotive engineering Biomarkers Blue collar workers Body burden Creatinine Excretion Exposure Heavy metals Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry Mass spectroscopy Medical research Metals Noble metals Occupational exposure ORIGINAL ARTICLE Platinum Refineries Skin Studies Urine |
| Title | Urinary excretion of platinum from South African precious metals refinery workers |
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