Management of Reintroduced Lions in Small, Fenced Reserves in South Africa: An Assessment and Guidelines
Managers of African lions (Panthera leo) on reserves where they have been reintroduced increasingly face challenges associated with ecological regulation,genetic degradation and increased susceptibility to catastrophic events. The Lion Management Forum (LiMF) was formed in 2010 to define these chall...
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| Published in: | South African journal of wildlife research Vol. 43; no. 2; pp. 138 - 154 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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South African Wildlife Management Association
01.10.2013
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| ISSN: | 0379-4369 |
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| Abstract | Managers of African lions (Panthera leo) on reserves where they have been reintroduced increasingly face challenges associated with ecological regulation,genetic degradation and increased susceptibility to catastrophic events. The Lion Management Forum (LiMF) was formed in 2010 to define these challenges and explore possible solutions with the view to developing appropriate management guidelines. LiMF bases its recommendations on the ecologically sound premise that managers should, as far as possible, mimic natural processes that have broken down in reserves, using proactive rather than reactive methods, i.e. management should focus on causal mechanisms as opposed to reacting to symptoms. Specifically, efforts should be made to reduce population growth and thus reduce the number of excess lions in the system; disease threats should be reduced through testing and vaccination whenever animals are translocated; and genetic integrity should be monitored. The latter is particularly important, as most of these reserves are relatively small (typically <1000 km2). An adaptive management framework is needed to implement the guidelines developed here on reserves across the country, with regional nodes addressing more local genetic issues, within an overall national plan. Ongoing monitoring and scientific assessment of behavioural, population and systemic responses of lion populations and responsive modification of the guidelines, should improve management of lions on small reserves in South Africa. This approach will provide a template for evidence-based conservation management of other threatened species. Ultimately ‘National Norms and Standards’ must be established and a ‘National Action Plan’ for lions in South Africa developed. |
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| AbstractList | Managers of African lions (Panthera leo) on reserves where they have been reintroduced increasingly face challenges associated with ecological regulation,genetic degradation and increased susceptibility to catastrophic events. The Lion Management Forum (LiMF) was formed in 2010 to define these challenges and explore possible solutions with the view to developing appropriate management guidelines. LiMF bases its recommendations on the ecologically sound premise that managers should, as far as possible, mimic natural processes that have broken down in reserves, using proactive rather than reactive methods, i.e. management should focus on causal mechanisms as opposed to reacting to symptoms. Specifically, efforts should be made to reduce population growth and thus reduce the number of excess lions in the system; disease threats should be reduced through testing and vaccination whenever animals are translocated; and genetic integrity should be monitored. The latter is particularly important, as most of these reserves are relatively small (typically <1000 km²). An adaptive management framework is needed to implement the guidelines developed here on reserves across the country, with regional nodes addressing more local genetic issues, within an overall national plan. Ongoing monitoring and scientific assessment of behavioural, population and systemic responses of lion populations and responsive modification of the guidelines, should improve management of lions on small reserves in South Africa. This approach will provide a template for evidence-based conservation management of other threatened species. Ultimately ‘National Norms and Standards’ must be established and a ‘National Action Plan’ for lions in South Africa developed. Managers of African lions (Panthera leo) on reserves where they have been reintroduced increasingly face challenges associated with ecological regulation,genetic degradation and increased susceptibility to catastrophic events. The Lion Management Forum (LiMF) was formed in 2010 to define these challenges and explore possible solutions with the view to developing appropriate management guidelines. LiMF bases its recommendations on the ecologically sound premise that managers should, as far as possible, mimic natural processes that have broken down in reserves, using proactive rather than reactive methods, i.e. management should focus on causal mechanisms as opposed to reacting to symptoms. Specifically, efforts should be made to reduce population growth and thus reduce the number of excess lions in the system; disease threats should be reduced through testing and vaccination whenever animals are translocated; and genetic integrity should be monitored. The latter is particularly important, as most of these reserves are relatively small (typically <1000 km2). An adaptive management framework is needed to implement the guidelines developed here on reserves across the country, with regional nodes addressing more local genetic issues, within an overall national plan. Ongoing monitoring and scientific assessment of behavioural, population and systemic responses of lion populations and responsive modification of the guidelines, should improve management of lions on small reserves in South Africa. This approach will provide a template for evidence-based conservation management of other threatened species. Ultimately ‘National Norms and Standards’ must be established and a ‘National Action Plan’ for lions in South Africa developed. Managers of African lions (Panthera leo) on reserves where they have been reintroduced increasingly face challenges associated with ecological regulation,genetic degradation and increased susceptibility to catastrophic events. The Lion Management Forum (LiMF) was formed in 2010 to define these challenges and explore possible solutions with the view to developing appropriate management guidelines. LiMF bases its recommendations on the ecologically sound premise that managers should, as far as possible, mimic natural processes that have broken down in reserves, using proactive rather than reactive methods, i.e. management should focus on causal mechanisms as opposed to reacting to symptoms. Specifically, efforts should be made to reduce population growth and thus reduce the number of excess lions in the system; disease threats should be reduced through testing and vaccination whenever animals are translocated; and genetic integrity should be monitored. The latter is particularly important, as most of these reserves are relatively small (typically <1000 km²). An adaptive management framework is needed to implement the guidelines developed here on reserves across the country, with regional nodes addressing more local genetic issues, within an overall national plan. Ongoing monitoring and scientific assessment of behavioural, population and systemic responses of lion populations and responsive modification of the guidelines, should improve management of lions on small reserves in South Africa. This approach will provide a template for evidence-based conservation management of other threatened species. Ultimately âNational Norms and Standardsâ must be established and a âNational Action Planâ for lions in South Africa developed. |
| Author | Funston, P.J. Bissett, C. Burger, A. Toft, M. Dickerson, T. Miller, S.M. Zimmermann, D. Matthews, W. Ferreira, S. Druce, D.J. Hofmeyr, D. Courtenay, B. Parker, D.M. Slotow, R. Naylor, S. Kilian, P.J. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: S.M. surname: Miller fullname: Miller, S.M. organization: Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa – sequence: 2 givenname: C. surname: Bissett fullname: Bissett, C. organization: Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group, Department of Zoology & Entomology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140 South Africa – sequence: 3 givenname: A. surname: Burger fullname: Burger, A. organization: Welgevonden Game Reserve, P.O. Box 433, Vaalwater, 0530 South Africa – sequence: 4 givenname: B. surname: Courtenay fullname: Courtenay, B. organization: Enviro-Africa Tourism Services, P.O. Box 427, Umhlunga Rocks, 4237 South Africa – sequence: 5 givenname: T. surname: Dickerson fullname: Dickerson, T. organization: Phinda Private Game Reserve, & Beyond, Private Bag 6001, Hluhluwe, 3960 South Africa – sequence: 6 givenname: D.J. surname: Druce fullname: Druce, D.J. organization: School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000 South Africa – sequence: 7 givenname: S. surname: Ferreira fullname: Ferreira, S. organization: Scientific Services, SANParks, Private Bag X402, Skukuza, 1350 South Africa – sequence: 8 givenname: P.J. surname: Funston fullname: Funston, P.J. organization: Panthera, P.O. Box 8027, Kongola, Caprivi Region, Namibia – sequence: 9 givenname: D. surname: Hofmeyr fullname: Hofmeyr, D. organization: Madikwe Game Reserve, North West Parks & Tourism Board, P.O. Box 10, Nietverdiend, 2874 South Africa – sequence: 10 givenname: P.J. surname: Kilian fullname: Kilian, P.J. organization: Khamab Kalahari Reserve, P.O. Box 2059, Vryburg, 8600 South Africa – sequence: 11 givenname: W. surname: Matthews fullname: Matthews, W. organization: Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria, 0003 South Africa – sequence: 12 givenname: S. surname: Naylor fullname: Naylor, S. organization: Phinda Private Game Reserve, & Beyond, Private Bag 6001, Hluhluwe, 3960 South Africa – sequence: 13 givenname: D.M. surname: Parker fullname: Parker, D.M. organization: Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group, Department of Zoology & Entomology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140 South Africa – sequence: 14 givenname: R. surname: Slotow fullname: Slotow, R. organization: School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000 South Africa – sequence: 15 givenname: M. surname: Toft fullname: Toft, M. organization: Kifaru Wildlife Veterinary Services, P.O. Box 602, Linkhills, 3652 South Africa – sequence: 16 givenname: D. surname: Zimmermann fullname: Zimmermann, D. organization: Veterinary Wildlife Services, P.O. Box 110040, Hadison Park, Kimberley, 8306 South Africa |
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| Title | Management of Reintroduced Lions in Small, Fenced Reserves in South Africa: An Assessment and Guidelines |
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