Saltwater Intrusion into Coastal Aquifers and Associated Risk Management: Critical Review and Research Directives

Basack, S.; Loganathan, M.K.; Goswami, G., and Khabbaz, H., 2022. Saltwater intrusion into coastal aquifers and associated risk management: Critical review and research directives. Journal of Coastal Research, 38(3), 654–672. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Coastal regions mainly rely on so...

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Published in:	Journal of coastal research Vol. 38; no. 3; pp. 654 - 672
Main Authors:	Basack, Sudip, Loganathan, M.K., Goswami, Ghritartha, Khabbaz, Hadi
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Fort Lauderdale Coastal Education and Research Foundation 01.05.2022 Allen Press Publishing Allen Press Inc
Subjects:	Aquifers Case studies Climate change Coastal aquifers Coastal hazards Coastal inlets Coastal management Coastal research Coastal waters Coastal zone Coasts Control methods Deep wells Freshwater Groundwater Groundwater irrigation Groundwater management Hazards Inland water environment Laboratories Literature reviews REVIEW ARTICLES Risk analysis Risk assessment Risk management Saline water Saline water intrusion Saline-freshwater interfaces Salinity Salt water intrusion Salt water-freshwater interfaces Saltwater intrusion Sea level Sea level changes Storage Storms Surveying Tidal waves Trends Tsunamis
ISSN:	0749-0208, 1551-5036
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Abstract	Basack, S.; Loganathan, M.K.; Goswami, G., and Khabbaz, H., 2022. Saltwater intrusion into coastal aquifers and associated risk management: Critical review and research directives. Journal of Coastal Research, 38(3), 654–672. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Coastal regions mainly rely on sources of local fresh groundwater for domestic, irrigational, and industrial usages, which are vulnerable to high-risk of getting intruded by saltwater. Excessive pumping of fresh groundwater initiates advances of saltwater-freshwater interface inward due to hydraulic equilibrium and continuity. This introduces saline water intrusion into coastal aquifers. This is also caused by natural hazards like sea-level rise and storm-surge. The saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers contaminates the freshwater storage, thereby emerging as a major environmental issue. To incorporate adequate coastal groundwater control and management techniques that are effective and conveniently implementable, understanding the phenomenon of saline water intrusion and the risk assessment is of utmost importance. Several scientific contributions including theoretical (analytical and numerical) solutions, experimental (laboratory and field) results, design recommendations, and risk analysis are available, indicating remarkable advances in the research area. The authors have attempted to summarize the significant contributions over the last few decades in each of these study aspects through extensive literature survey and critical analysis of the existing knowledge. It is observed that risk prevention and control methodologies such as qanat-well structure, shallow and deep wells might not be effective in many coastal areas as the complex intrusion process is yet to be understood clearly. Moreover, the high intensity coastal hazards that often occur due to climate change continue to make aquifers more vulnerable, adversely affecting the coastal groundwater management. The paper presents a critical overview of existing studies on saline water intrusion into coastal aquifers and associated risks and management techniques. Furthermore, adequate research directives with recommendations for future development are also provided.
AbstractList	Basack, S.; Loganathan, M.K.; Goswami, G., and Khabbaz, H., 2022. Saltwater intrusion into coastal aquifers and associated risk management: Critical review and research directives. Journal of Coastal Research, 38(3), 654–672. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Coastal regions mainly rely on sources of local fresh groundwater for domestic, irrigational, and industrial usages, which are vulnerable to high-risk of getting intruded by saltwater. Excessive pumping of fresh groundwater initiates advances of saltwater-freshwater interface inward due to hydraulic equilibrium and continuity. This introduces saline water intrusion into coastal aquifers. This is also caused by natural hazards like sea-level rise and storm-surge. The saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers contaminates the freshwater storage, thereby emerging as a major environmental issue. To incorporate adequate coastal groundwater control and management techniques that are effective and conveniently implementable, understanding the phenomenon of saline water intrusion and the risk assessment is of utmost importance. Several scientific contributions including theoretical (analytical and numerical) solutions, experimental (laboratory and field) results, design recommendations, and risk analysis are available, indicating remarkable advances in the research area. The authors have attempted to summarize the significant contributions over the last few decades in each of these study aspects through extensive literature survey and critical analysis of the existing knowledge. It is observed that risk prevention and control methodologies such as qanat-well structure, shallow and deep wells might not be effective in many coastal areas as the complex intrusion process is yet to be understood clearly. Moreover, the high intensity coastal hazards that often occur due to climate change continue to make aquifers more vulnerable, adversely affecting the coastal groundwater management. The paper presents a critical overview of existing studies on saline water intrusion into coastal aquifers and associated risks and management techniques. Furthermore, adequate research directives with recommendations for future development are also provided. Coastal regions mainly rely on sources of local fresh groundwater for domestic, irrigational, and industrial usages, which are vulnerable to high-risk of getting intruded by saltwater. Excessive pumping of fresh groundwater initiates advances of saltwater-freshwater interface inward due to hydraulic equilibrium and continuity. This introduces saline water intrusion into coastal aquifers. This is also caused by natural hazards like sea-level rise and storm-surge. The saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers contaminates the freshwater storage, thereby emerging as a major environmental issue. To incorporate adequate coastal groundwater control and management techniques that are effective and conveniently implementable, understanding the phenomenon of saline water intrusion and the risk assessment is of utmost importance. Several scientific contributions including theoretical (analytical and numerical) solutions, experimental (laboratory and field) results, design recommendations, and risk analysis are available, indicating remarkable advances in the research area. The authors have attempted to summarize the significant contributions over the last few decades in each of these study aspects through extensive literature survey and critical analysis of the existing knowledge. It is observed that risk prevention and control methodologies such as qanat-well structure, shallow and deep wells might not be effective in many coastal areas as the complex intrusion process is yet to be understood clearly. Moreover, the high intensity coastal hazards that often occur due to climate change continue to make aquifers more vulnerable, adversely affecting the coastal groundwater management. The paper presents a critical overview of existing studies on saline water intrusion into coastal aquifers and associated risks and management techniques. Furthermore, adequate research directives with recommendations for future development are also provided.
Author	Basack, Sudip Khabbaz, Hadi Loganathan, M.K. Goswami, Ghritartha
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Sudip surname: Basack fullname: Basack, Sudip organization: Elitte College of Engineering MAKA University of Technology Kolkata 700113, India – sequence: 2 givenname: M.K. surname: Loganathan fullname: Loganathan, M.K. organization: School of Engineering and Technology The Assam Kaziranga University Jorhat 785006, Assam, India – sequence: 3 givenname: Ghritartha surname: Goswami fullname: Goswami, Ghritartha organization: North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology Nirjuli 791109, Arunachal Pradesh, India – sequence: 4 givenname: Hadi surname: Khabbaz fullname: Khabbaz, Hadi organization: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Technology Sydney New South Wales 2000, Australia
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SubjectTerms	Aquifers Case studies Climate change Coastal aquifers Coastal hazards Coastal inlets Coastal management Coastal research Coastal waters Coastal zone Coasts Control methods Deep wells Freshwater Groundwater Groundwater irrigation Groundwater management Hazards Inland water environment Laboratories Literature reviews REVIEW ARTICLES Risk analysis Risk assessment Risk management Saline water Saline water intrusion Saline-freshwater interfaces Salinity Salt water intrusion Salt water-freshwater interfaces Saltwater intrusion Sea level Sea level changes Storage Storms Surveying Tidal waves Trends Tsunamis
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Title	Saltwater Intrusion into Coastal Aquifers and Associated Risk Management: Critical Review and Research Directives
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