Information visualization : perception for design
Most designers know that yellow text presented against a blue background reads clearly and easily, but how many can explain why, and what really are the best ways to help others and ourselves clearly see key patterns in a bunch of data? When we use software, access a website, or view business or sci...
Uloženo v:
| Hlavní autor: | |
|---|---|
| Médium: | E-kniha Kniha |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Vydáno: |
Amsterdam
Morgan Kaufmann is an imprint of Elsevier
2013
Elsevier Science & Technology Morgan Kaufmann |
| Vydání: | 3 |
| Edice: | Interactive Technologies |
| Témata: | |
| ISBN: | 9780123814647, 0123814642, 0128128755, 9780128128756 |
| On-line přístup: | Získat plný text |
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- Front Cover -- Information Visualization: Perception for Design -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- About the Author -- Chapter 1 Foundations for an Applied Science of Data Visualization -- Visualization Stages -- Experimental Semiotics Based on Perception -- Semiotics of Graphics -- Are Pictures Arbitrary? -- Sensory versus Arbitrary Symbols -- Properties of Sensory Representation -- Testing Claims about Sensory Representations -- Representations That Are Arbitrary -- The Study of Arbitrary Conventional Symbols -- Gibson's Affordance Theory -- A Model of Perceptual Processing -- Stage 1. Parallel Processing to Extract Low-Level Properties of the Visual Scene -- Stage 2. Pattern Perception -- Stage 3. Visual Working Memory -- Attention -- Costs and Benefits of Visualization -- Types of Data -- Entities -- Relationships -- Attributes of Entities or Relationships -- Data Dimensions: 1D, 2D, 3D, … -- Types of Numbers -- Uncertainty -- Operations Considered as Data -- Metadata -- Conclusion -- Chapter 2 The Environment, Optics, Resolution, and the Display -- The Environment -- Visible Light -- Ecological Optics -- Optical Flow -- Textured Surfaces and Texture Gradients -- The Paint Model of Surfaces -- The Eye -- The Visual Angle Defined -- Lens -- Optics and Augmented-Reality Systems -- Optics in Virtual-Reality Displays -- Chromatic Aberration -- Receptors -- Simple Acuities -- Acuity Distribution and the Visual Field -- Brain Pixels and the Optimal Screen -- Spatial Contrast Sensitivity Function -- Visual Stress -- The Optimal Display -- Aliasing -- Number of Dots -- Superacuities and Displays -- Temporal Requirements of the Perfect Display -- Conclusion -- Chapter 3 Lightness, Brightness, Contrast, and Constancy -- Neurons, Receptive Fields, and Brightness Illusions -- Simultaneous Brightness Contrast -- Mach Bands
- Preattentive Processing and Ease of Search -- Attention and Expectations -- Highlighting and Asymmetries -- Coding with Combinations of Features -- Coding with Redundant Properties -- What Is Not Easily Findable: Conjunctions of Features -- Highlighting Two Data Dimensions: Conjunctions That Can Be Seen -- Integral and Separable Dimensions: Glyph Design -- Restricted Classification Tasks -- Speeded Classification Tasks -- Integral-Separable Dimension Pairs -- Representing Quantity -- Representing Absolute Quantities -- Multidimensional Discrete Data: Uniform Representation versus Multiple Channels -- Stars and Whiskers -- The Searchlight Metaphor and Cortical Magnification -- Useful Field of View -- Tunnel Vision, Stress, and Cognitive Load -- The Role of Motion in Attracting Attention -- Motion as a User Interrupt -- Conclusion -- Chapter 6 Static and Moving Patterns -- Gestalt Laws -- Proximity -- Similarity -- Connectedness -- Continuity -- Symmetry -- Closure and Common Region -- Figure and Ground -- More on Contours -- Representing Vector Fields: Perceiving Orientation and Direction -- Comparing 2D Flow Visualization Techniques -- Showing Direction -- Texture: Theory and Data Mapping -- Tradeoffs in Information Density: An Uncertainty Principle -- Primary Perceptual Dimensions of Texture -- Texture Contrast Effects -- Other Dimensions of Visual Texture -- Nominal Texture Codes -- Using Textures for Univariate and Multivariate Map Displays -- Quantitative Texture Sequences -- Perception of Transparency: Overlapping Data -- Perceiving Patterns in Multidimensional Discrete Data -- Pattern Learning -- Priming -- Vigilance -- The Visual Grammar of Node-Link Diagrams -- The Visual Grammar of Maps -- Patterns in Motion -- Form and Contour in Motion -- Moving Frames -- Expressive Motion -- Perception of Causality -- Perception of Animated Motion
- Enriching Diagrams with Simple Animation -- The Processes of Pattern Finding -- Chapter 7 Space Perception -- Depth Cue Theory -- Perspective Cues -- The Duality of Depth Perception in Pictures -- Pictures Seen from the Wrong Viewpoint -- Occlusion -- Shape-from-Shading -- Shading Models -- Cushion Maps -- Surface Texture -- Cast Shadows -- Distance Based on Familiar Size -- Depth of Focus -- Eye Accommodation -- Structure-from-Motion -- Eye Convergence -- Stereoscopic Depth -- Problems with Stereoscopic Displays -- Frame Cancellation -- The Vergence-Focus Problem -- Distant Objects -- Making Effective Stereoscopic Displays -- Cyclopean Scale -- Virtual Eye Separation -- Artificial Spatial Cues -- Depth Cues in Combination -- Task-Based Space Perception -- Tracing Data Paths in 3D Graphs -- Judging the Morphology of Surfaces -- Conformal Textures -- Guidelines for Displaying Surfaces -- Bivariate Maps-Lighting and Surface Color -- Patterns of Points in 3D Space -- Perceiving Patterns in 3D Trajectories -- Judging Relative Positions of Objects in Space -- Judging the Relative Movements of Self within the Environment -- Selecting and Positioning Objects in 3D -- Judging the "Up" Direction -- The Aesthetic Impression of 3D Space (Presence) -- Conclusion -- Chapter 8 Visual Objects and Data Objects -- Image-Based Object Recognition -- Priming -- Searching an Image Database -- Life Logging -- Structure-Based Object Recognition -- Geon Theory -- Silhouettes -- The Object Display and Object-Based Diagrams -- The Geon Diagram -- Faces -- Coding Words and Images -- Mental Images -- Labels and Concepts -- Object Categorization -- Canonical Views and Object Recognition -- Concept Mapping -- Concept Maps and Mind Maps -- Iconic Images versus Words versus Abstract Symbols -- Static Links -- Scenes and Scene Gist -- Priming, Categorization, and Trace Theory
- Epistemic Actions
- Conclusion -- Chapter 9 Images, Narrative, and Gestures for Explanation -- The Nature of Language -- Sign Language -- Language Is Dynamic and Distributed over Time -- Is Visual Programming a Good Idea? -- Images versus Sentences and Paragraphs -- Links between Images and Words -- Integrating Visual and Verbal and the Narrative Thread -- Linking Text with Graphical Elements of Diagrams -- Gestures as Linking Devices in Verbal Presentations -- Deixis -- Symbolic Gestures -- Expressive Gestures -- Animated versus Static Presentations -- Visual Narrative -- Animated Images -- Conclusion -- Chapter 10 Interacting with Visualizations -- Data Selection and Manipulation Loop -- Choice Reaction Time -- Two-Dimensional Positioning and Selection -- Hover Queries -- Path Tracing -- Two-Handed Interaction -- Learning -- Control Compatibility -- Exploration and Navigation Loop -- Locomotion and Viewpoint Control -- Spatial Navigation Metaphors -- Wayfinding, Cognitive Maps, and Real Maps -- Landmarks, Borders, and Place -- Frames of Reference -- Egocentric Frame of Reference -- Exocentric Frames of Reference -- Map Orientation -- Focus, Context, and Scale in Nonmetaphoric Interfaces -- Distortion Techniques -- Rapid Zooming Techniques -- Elision Techniques -- Multiple Simultaneous Views -- Conclusion -- Chapter 11 Visual Thinking Processes -- The Cognitive System -- Memory and Attention -- Working Memories -- Visual Working Memory Capacity -- Change Blindness -- Spatial Information -- Attention -- Object Files, Coherence Fields, and Gist -- Long-Term Memory -- Chunks and Concepts -- Knowledge Formation and Creative Thinking -- Knowledge Transfer -- Visualizations and Mental Images -- Review of Visual Cognitive System Components -- Early Visual Processing -- Pattern Perception -- Eye Movements -- The Intrasaccadic Scanning Loop -- Working Memory -- Mental Imagery
- The Chevreul Illusion -- Simultaneous Contrast and Errors in Reading Maps -- Contrast Effects and Artifacts in Computer Graphics -- Edge Enhancement -- Luminance, Brightness, Lightness, and Gamma -- Constancies -- Luminance -- Displaying Details -- Brightness -- Monitor Gamma -- Adaptation, Contrast, and Lightness Constancy -- Contrast and Constancy -- Contrast on Paper and on Screen -- Perception of Surface Lightness -- Lightness Differences and the Gray Scale -- Contrast Crispening -- Monitor Illumination and Monitor Surrounds -- Conclusion -- Chapter 4 Color -- Trichromacy Theory -- Color Blindness -- Color Measurement -- Change of Primaries -- Chromaticity Coordinates -- Color Differences and Uniform Color Spaces -- Opponent Process Theory -- Naming -- Cross-Cultural Naming -- Unique Hues -- Neurophysiology -- Categorical Colors -- Properties of Color Channels -- Spatial Sensitivity -- Stereoscopic Depth -- Motion Sensitivity -- Form -- Color Appearance -- Monitor Surrounds -- Color Constancy -- Color Contrast -- Saturation -- Brown -- Applications of Color in Visualization -- Application 1: Color Specification Interfaces and Color Spaces -- Color Spaces -- Color Naming Systems -- Color Palettes -- Application 2: Color for Labeling (Nominal Codes) -- Application 3: Color Sequences for Data Maps -- Form and Quantity -- Interval Pseudocolor Sequences -- Ratio Pseudocolors -- Sequences for the Color Blind -- Bivariate Color Sequences -- Application 4: Color Reproduction -- Conclusion -- Chapter 5 Visual Salience and Finding Information -- Eye Movements -- Accommodation -- The Eye Movement Control Loop -- V1, Channels, and Tuned Receptors -- The Elements of Form -- The Gabor Model and Visual Distinctness -- A Differencing Mechanism for Fine Discrimination -- Feature Maps, Channels, and Lessons for Visual Search