Commonsense reasoning
To endow computers with common sense is one of the major long-term goals of Artificial Intelligence research. One approach to this problem is to formalize commonsense reasoning using mathematical logic. Commonsense Reasoning is a detailed, high-level reference on logic-based commonsense reasoning. I...
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| Hlavní autor: | |
|---|---|
| Médium: | E-kniha Kniha |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Vydáno: |
San Francisco, Calif
Elsevier
2006
Amsterdam ; Tokyo Morgan Kaufmann Elsevier Science & Technology |
| Vydání: | 1 |
| Témata: | |
| ISBN: | 0123693888, 9780123693884 |
| On-line přístup: | Získat plný text |
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- Action Preconditions -- Equivalence of the Situation Calculus and the Event Calculus -- Discussion -- The Features and Fluents Framework -- Temporal Action Logics -- Action Languages -- 15.3.1 C+ -- The Fluent Calculus -- States -- Plus and Minus Macros -- State Update Axioms -- Nondeterministic Effects -- Concurrent Actions -- Discussion -- Discussion and Summary -- Bibliographic Notes -- Exercises -- 16 Nonlogical Methods for Commonsense Reasoning -- Qualitative Reasoning -- QSIM -- Analogical Processing -- Structure-Mapping Engine -- Probabilistic Reasoning -- Probability and Action -- Bayesian Networks -- Society of Mind -- ThoughtTreasure -- Polyscheme -- EM-ONE -- Bibliographic Notes -- Exercises -- Part VII Conclusion -- 17 Conclusion -- What Was Accomplished? -- What Is the Event Calculus? -- How Is the Event Calculus Used? -- Where Is This Leading? -- Closing Remarks -- Bibliographic Notes -- Part VIII Appendices -- Appendix A Logical Foundations -- Relations -- Inductive Definitions -- First-Order Logic -- Syntax of First-Order Logic -- Semantics of First-Order Logic -- Proof Theory -- Many-Sorted First-Order Logic -- Syntax of Many-Sorted First-Order Logic -- Semantics of Many-Sorted First-Order Logic -- Second-Order Logic -- Datatypes -- Real Numbers -- Lists -- Circumscription -- Definition of Circumscription -- Example: Circumscription of P(A) -- Parallel Circumscription -- Bibliographic Notes -- Appendix B Equivalence of EC and DEC -- Appendix C Events with Duration -- Bibliographic Notes -- Appendix D Answers to Selected Exercises -- Chapter 2 -- Chapter 3 -- Chapter 4 -- Chapter 5 -- Chapter 6 -- Chapter 8 -- References -- Index
- 9 Nondeterministic Effects of Events -- Determining Fluents -- Example: Roulette Wheel -- Disjunctive Event Axioms -- Example: Running and Driving -- Bibliographic Notes -- Exercises -- Part III Commonsense Domains -- 10 Space -- Relational Space -- Basic Representation -- Extended Representation -- Example: Moving a Newspaper and a Box -- Metric Space -- Example: Two Baseballs Colliding -- Object Identity -- Example: One Screen -- Example: Two Screens -- Bibliographic Notes -- Exercises -- 11 The Mental States of Agents -- Beliefs, Goals, and Plans -- Reactive Behavior -- Goal-Driven Behavior -- Formalization -- Example: Hungry Cat Scenario -- Emotions -- Emotion Theory -- Formalization -- Example: Lottery -- Bibliographic Notes -- Exercises -- Part IV Default Reasoning -- 12 Default Reasoning -- Atemporal Default Reasoning -- Temporal Default Reasoning -- Default Reasoning Method -- Defaults and the Quali.cation Problem -- Example: Device Revisited -- Example: Broken Device -- Strong and Weak Qualifications -- Example: Erratic Device -- Default Events and Properties -- Default Events -- Default Properties -- Bibliographic Notes -- Exercises -- Part V Programs and Applications -- 13 The Discrete Event Calculus Reasoner -- Discrete Event Calculus Reasoner Architecture -- Encoding Satisfiability Problems -- Simple Examples -- Deduction -- Abduction -- Postdiction -- Model Finding -- Example: Telephone -- Discrete Event Calculus Reasoner Language -- Bibliographic Notes -- Exercises -- 14 Applications -- Business Systems -- Payment Protocols -- Workflow Modeling -- Natural Language Understanding -- Story Understanding -- Vision -- Bibliographic Notes -- Exercises -- Part VI Logical and Nonlogical Methods -- 15 Logics for Commonsense Reasoning -- The Situation Calculus -- Relational and Functional Fluents -- Actions -- Action Effects
- Front cover -- About the Author -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Table of contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Why Commonsense Reasoning? -- Approach -- Intended Audience -- Roadmap -- Material Covered -- Supplemental Materials -- Web Site and Reasoning Programs -- Exercises and Solutions -- Text and Figure Acknowledgments -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- What Is Commonsense Reasoning? -- Key Issues of Commonsense Reasoning -- Summary -- Brief History of Commonsense Reasoning -- Logical Methods -- Nonlogical Methods -- The Event Calculus -- Events, Fluents, and Timepoints -- A Simple Example -- Automated Event Calculus Reasoning -- Bibliographic Notes -- Part I Foundations -- 2 The Event Calculus -- First-Order Logic -- Syntax of First-Order Logic -- Semantics of First-Order Logic -- Proof Theory -- Many-Sorted First-Order Logic -- Notational Conventions -- Event Calculus Basics -- Event Calculus Sorts -- Event Calculus Predicates -- States of a Fluent -- Event Calculus Axiomatizations -- The (Continuous) Event Calculus -- The Discrete Event Calculus -- Choosing between the Event Calculus and the Discrete Event Calculus -- Reification -- Unique Names Axioms -- Conditions -- Circumscription -- Computing Circumscription -- Example: Circumscription of Happens -- Example: Circumscription of Initiates -- Domain Descriptions -- Example: Sleep -- Inconsistency -- Reasoning Types -- Deduction and Temporal Projection -- Abduction and Planning -- Example: Sleep Abduction -- Postdiction -- Model Finding -- Bibliographic Notes -- Exercises -- Part II Commonsense Phenomena -- 3 The Effects of Events -- Positive and Negative Effect Axioms -- Example: Telephone -- Effect Axiom Idioms -- Preconditions -- Fluent Preconditions -- Action Preconditions -- Example: Walking through a Door -- State Constraints -- Example: Telephone Revisited
- Bibliographic Notes -- Exercises -- 4 The Triggering of Events -- Trigger Axioms -- Example: Alarm Clock -- Preventing Repeated Triggering -- Example: Bank Account Service Fee -- Triggered Fluents -- Bibliographic Notes -- Exercises -- 5 The Commonsense Law of Inertia -- Representation of the Commonsense Law of Inertia -- Frame Problem -- Classical Frame Axioms -- Explanation Closure Axioms -- Minimizing Event Occurrences -- Introduction of Initiates Predicate -- Minimizing Event Effects -- Introduction of Terminates Predicate -- Discussion -- Representing Release from the Commonsense Law of Inertia -- Example: Yale Shooting Scenario -- Releasing from Inertia -- Restoring Inertia -- Explanation Closure Axioms for ReleasedAt -- Example: Russian Turkey Scenario -- Release Axioms -- Bibliographic Notes -- Exercises -- 6 Indirect Effects of Events -- Effect Axioms -- Example: Carrying a Book -- Discussion -- Primitive and Derived Fluents -- Example: Device -- Release Axioms and State Constraints -- Example: Carrying a Book Revisited -- Effect Constraints -- Example: Carrying a Book Revisited -- Causal Constraints -- Example: Thielscher's Circuit -- Trigger Axioms -- Example: Thielscher's Circuit with Delays -- Example: Shanahan's Circuit with Delays -- Bibliographic Notes -- Exercises -- 7 Continuous Change -- Trajectory Axioms -- Example: Falling Object -- Example: Falling Object with Events -- Introduction of Trajectory Predicate -- Antitrajectory Axioms -- Example: Hot Air Balloon -- Using AntiTrajectory Instead of Releases -- Example: Falling Object with AntiTrajectory -- Bibliographic Notes -- Exercises -- 8 Concurrent Events -- Restricting Concurrency -- State Constraints -- Event Occurrence Constraints -- Discussion -- Cumulative and Canceling Effects -- Example: Camera with Flash -- Example: Moving Robot -- Bibliographic Notes -- Exercises