LTE Self-Organising Networks (SON) Network Management Automation for Operational Efficiency
Covering the key functional areas of LTE Self-Organising Networks (SON), this book introduces the topic at an advanced level before examining the state-of-the-art concepts. The required background on LTE network scenarios, technologies and general SON concepts is first given to allow readers with ba...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | eBook Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Hoboken, N.J
Wiley
2012
John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated Wiley-Blackwell John Wiley & Sons Ltd |
| Edition: | 1 |
| Subjects: | |
| ISBN: | 9781119970675, 1119970679, 1119963028, 9781119963028, 1119961785, 9781119961789, 1119961777, 9781119961772 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
Table of Contents:
- Foreword xiii Preface xv List of Contributors xix Acknowledgements xxi List of Abbreviations xxiii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Self-Organising Networks (SON) 3 1.2 The Transition from Conventional Network Operation to SON 6 1.2.1 Automation of the Network Rollout 9 1.2.2 Automation of Network Optimisation and Troubleshooting 10 1.2.3 SON Characteristics and Challenges 11 References 12 2. LTE Overview 13 2.1 Introduction to LTE and SAE 13 2.1.1 3GPP Structure, Timeline and LTE Specifications 14 2.1.2 LTE Requirements 16 2.1.3 System Architecture Overview 16 2.1.4 Evolved UTRAN 18 2.1.5 E-UTRAN Functional Elements 19 2.1.6 Evolved Packet Core 21 2.1.7 Voice over LTE (VoLTE) 24 2.1.8 LTE-Advanced 24 2.1.9 Network Management 30 2.2 LTE Radio Access Network Scenarios and Their Evolution 33 2.2.1 LTE Radio Coverage Scenario 33 2.2.2 LTE for Capacity Enhancement in Existing GERAN/UTRAN 34 2.2.3 Enhancing LTE Capacity, the Multi-Layer LTE 34 2.2.4 Data Offloading, LIPA-SIPTO 35 2.2.5 Multi-Radio Access Network Scenarios or non-GPP 36 References 37 3. Self-Organising Networks (SON) 39 3.1 Vision 39 3.2 NGMN Operator Use Cases and 3GPP SON Use Cases 42 3.2.1 Operational Use Cases 42 3.2.2 NGMN SON Use Cases and Requirements 47 3.2.3 SON Use Cases in 3GPP 50 3.3 Foundations for SON 52 3.3.1 Control Engineering: Feedback Loops 53 3.3.2 Autonomic Computing and Autonomic Management 55 3.3.3 SON Research Projects 57 3.4 Architecture 60 3.4.1 Use-Case Related Criteria 62 3.4.2 System-Level Criteria 64 3.5 Business Value 65 3.5.1 The Economics of eNB Sites 65 3.5.2 General Mode of Operation of SON 68 3.5.3 Installation and Planning 71 3.5.4 Network Optimisation 72 3.5.5 Fault Management 73 3.5.6 Conclusions 74 3.6 SON Operational and Technical Challenges 75 3.6.1 Transition of Operational Processes to SON 75 3.6.2 Technical (Engineering) Challenges 78 References 80 4. Self-Configuration (‘Plug-and-Play’) 81 4.1 Auto-Connectivity and -Commissioning 82 4.1.1 Preparation 85 4.1.2 Connectivity Setup, Site-Identification and Auto-Commissioning 87 4.1.3 LTE-A Relay Auto-Connectivity 93 4.1.4 Conclusions 100 4.2 Dynamic Radio Configuration 100 4.2.1 Generation of Initial Transmission Parameters 106 4.2.2 Physical Cell-ID Allocation 111 4.2.3 Automatic Neighbour Relationship Setup (ANR) 118 4.2.4 DRC Architecture 130 4.2.5 Conclusions 132 References 133 5. Self-Optimisation 135 5.1 Mobility Robustness Optimisation 136 5.1.1 Goals of MRO 136 5.1.2 Cell Changes and Interference Challenges 137 5.1.3 MRO Relevant Parameters 140 5.1.4 Causes for Mobility Problems 144 5.1.5 MRO Solutions 146 5.1.6 MRO Time Scales 151 5.1.7 MRO Performance 152 5.2 Mobility Load Balancing and Traffic Steering 157 5.2.1 Introduction to Traffic Steering 157 5.2.2 SON Policies for Mobility Load Balancing 159 5.2.3 A Theoretical View of Load Balancing 160 5.2.4 Standardised Features and Procedures to Direct UEs to the Desired Layer 166 5.2.5 Exemplary Results of MLB 182 5.2.6 Uplink Load Balancing 189 5.2.7 Interactions Between TS/MLB and MRO 190 5.3 Energy Saving 193 5.3.1 Introduction 193 5.3.2 Requirements 195 5.3.3 Energy Saving Management 195 5.3.4 eNB Overlaid Scenario 196 5.3.5 Capacity-Limited Network 198 5.3.6 Equipment/Local ES 200 5.3.7 Example Scenarios and Expected Gains 201 5.3.8 Summary 204 5.4 Coverage and Capacity Optimisation 204 5.4.1 CCO with Adaptive Antennas 205 5.4.2 Performance Analysis for Antenna Parameter Optimisation Based CCO 208 5.4.3 CCO with TX Power 216 5.5 RACH Optimisation 217 5.5.1 General 217 5.5.2 PRACH Configuration 218 5.5.3 RACH Configuration 219 5.5.4 RACH/PRACH Configuration Example 221 5.5.5 RA Performance 222 5.5.6 Self-Optimisation Framework 223 5.5.7 UE Reporting 223 5.5.8 Inter-eNB Communication 225 5.6 RRM and SON (Interference Coordination, P0 Optimisation) 226 5.6.1 Interference Coordination 226 5.6.2 P0 Optimisation 230 References 232 6. Self-Healing 235 6.1 Introduction 236 6.1.1 3GPP Use Cases 236 6.1.2 3GPP Self-Healing Process and its Management 237 6.1.3 Cell Degradation Management 238 6.2 Cell Degradation Detection 242 6.3 Cell Degradation Diagnosis and Prediction 248 6.3.1 Rule Based Systems 250 6.3.2 Bayesian Networks 251 6.3.3 Case Based Reasoning 253 6.3.4 Neural Networks 255 6.3.5 Active Measurements 256 6.3.6 Prediction 257 6.4 Cell Outage Compensation 259 6.4.1 Activation of Cell Outage Compensation 260 6.4.2 Means of Cell Outage Compensation 260 6.4.3 Interaction between Cell Outage Compensation and Self-Configuration Functions 263 References 264 7. Supporting Function: Minimisation of Drive Tests (MDT) 267 7.1 Introduction 267 7.1.1 General 267 7.1.2 History and Background 269 7.2 Relation to SON 272 7.3 Requirements 273 7.4 Use Cases 275 7.4.1 Operator Scenarios 276 7.4.2 Coverage Optimisation 277 7.4.3 Mobility Optimisation 281 7.4.4 Capacity Optimisation 281 7.4.5 Parameterisation for Common Channels 282 7.4.6 QoS Verification 282 7.5 Overall Architecture 283 7.6 Managing MDT 285 7.6.1 Subscriber and Equipment Trace 285 7.6.2 MDT Configuration Parameters 285 7.6.3 Subscription Based MDT 287 7.6.4 Area Based MDT 292 7.6.5 Supporting Functionality in the Management System 293 7.6.6 MDT Reporting 293 7.7 MDT Radio Interface Procedures 295 7.7.1 Immediate MDT 296 7.7.2 Logged MDT 298 7.7.3 RLF Reporting 303 7.7.4 Measurement Parameters 305 7.7.5 Location Information 308 7.8 Conclusion 309 References 310 8. SON for Core Networks 311 8.1 Introduction 311 8.2 SON for Packet Core Networks 311 8.2.1 Packet Core Element Auto-Configuration 311 8.2.2 Automatic Neighbour Relation 313 8.2.3 S1 Flex (MME Pooling) 314 8.2.4 Signalling Optimisation 315 8.2.5 Latency Optimisation 317 8.2.6 Fast Gateway Convergence with Bidirectional Forward Detection 318 8.2.7 Dynamic IP Pool Allocation 318 8.2.8 Energy Saving 319 8.3 SON for Voice Core Networks 319 8.3.1 Voice Over IP Quality Monitoring and Management 319 8.3.2 Resource Optimisation in Voice Core Network 320 References 321 9. SON Operation 322 9.1 SON Function Interactions 323 9.1.1 Spatial Characteristic 324 9.1.2 Temporal Characteristic 324 9.1.3 Categories of SON Conflicts 326 9.1.4 Network Parameters Related to SON Functions 329 9.1.5 Examples for Conflicts between SON Functions 330 9.2 Coordination of SON Functions 334 9.2.1 Basic Options for SON Coordination 334 9.2.2 Goals of SON Function Coordination 338 9.2.3 SON Coordination Function Concept 340 9.2.4 Coordination Schemes 346 9.2.5 Related Work 352 9.2.6 SON Function Coordination Example 352 9.3 Conclusions 355 References 356 10. SON for Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet) 357 10.1 Introduction 357 10.2 Standardisation and Network Architecture 359 10.2.1 Network Architecture for HetNet 361 10.3 Self-Configuration 362 10.3.1 Auto-Connectivity and -Commissioning 363 10.3.2 Automatic Site Identification and Hardware-to-Site Mapping 364 10.3.3 Automatic Neighbour Relations (ANR) 365 10.4 Self-Optimisation: Interference Management 365 10.4.1 Interference Characteristics in HetNet Scenarios 365 10.4.2 Basic Interference Management Techniques 366 10.4.3 Scenarios with Macro eNBs and Micro/Pico eNBs 369 10.4.4 Enhanced Time-Domain Interference Management: eICIC 370 10.4.5 Outlook on Further Interference Management Innovations 374 10.5 Self-Optimisation: Mobility Aspects; MRO and Traffic Steering 375 10.5.1 Mobility Robustness Optimisation 375 10.5.2 Multi-Layer Traffic Steering and Load Balancing 377 10.5.3 IEEE 802.11 (WiFi) Integration 378 References 378 11. Future Research Topics 379 11.1 Future Mobile Network Scenarios 379 11.1.1 Heterogeneous Networks 379 11.1.2 Cloud RAN 380 11.1.3 Requirements for Future OAM Systems 381 11.2 Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN) 381 11.2.1 From SON to CRN 381 11.2.2 Definitions 382 11.2.3 Framework 383 11.2.4 Artificial Intelligence 385 11.3 Applications 387 11.3.1 Self-Configuration 387 11.3.2 Self-Optimisation 387 11.3.3 Self-Healing 388 11.3.4 Operation 388 11.4 Conclusion 389 References 389 Index 391
- LTE Self-Organising Networks (SON): Network Management Automation for Operational Efficiency -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Acknowledgements -- List of Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Self-Organising Networks (SON) -- 1.2 The Transition from Conventional Network Operation to SON -- 1.2.1 Automation of the Network Rollout -- 1.2.2 Automation of Network Optimisation and Troubleshooting -- 1.2.3 SON Characteristics and Challenges -- References -- 2. LTE Overview -- 2.1 Introduction to LTE and SAE -- 2.1.1 3GPP Structure, Timeline and LTE Specifications -- 2.1.2 LTE Requirements -- 2.1.3 System Architecture Overview -- 2.1.4 Evolved UTRAN -- 2.1.5 E-UTRAN Functional Elements -- 2.1.6 Evolved Packet Core -- 2.1.7 Voice over LTE (VoLTE) -- 2.1.8 LTE-Advanced -- 2.1.9 Network Management -- 2.2 LTE Radio Access Network Scenarios and Their Evolution -- 2.2.1 LTE Radio Coverage Scenario -- 2.2.2 LTE for Capacity Enhancement in Existing GERAN/UTRAN -- 2.2.3 Enhancing LTE Capacity, the Multi-Layer LTE -- 2.2.4 Data Offloading, LIPA-SIPTO -- 2.2.5 Multi-Radio Access Network Scenarios or non-GPP -- References -- 3. Self-Organising Networks (SON) -- 3.1 Vision -- 3.2 NGMN Operator Use Cases and 3GPP SON Use Cases -- 3.2.1 Operational Use Cases -- 3.2.2 NGMN SON Use Cases and Requirements -- 3.2.3 SON Use Cases in 3GPP -- 3.3 Foundations for SON -- 3.3.1 Control Engineering: Feedback Loops -- 3.3.2 Autonomic Computing and Autonomic Management -- 3.3.3 SON Research Projects -- 3.4 Architecture -- 3.4.1 Use-Case Related Criteria -- 3.4.2 System-Level Criteria -- 3.5 Business Value -- 3.5.1 The Economics of eNB Sites -- 3.5.2 General Mode of Operation of SON -- 3.5.3 Installation and Planning -- 3.5.4 Network Optimisation -- 3.5.5 Fault Management -- 3.5.6 Conclusions -- 3.6 SON Operational and Technical Challenges
- 3.6.1 Transition of Operational Processes to SON -- 3.6.2 Technical (Engineering) Challenges -- References -- 4. Self-Configuration ('Plug-and-Play') -- 4.1 Auto-Connectivity and -Commissioning -- 4.1.1 Preparation -- 4.1.2 Connectivity Setup, Site-Identification and Auto-Commissioning -- 4.1.3 LTE-A Relay Auto-Connectivity -- 4.1.4 Conclusions -- 4.2 Dynamic Radio Configuration -- 4.2.1 Generation of Initial Transmission Parameters -- 4.2.2 Physical Cell-ID Allocation -- 4.2.3 Automatic Neighbour Relationship Setup (ANR) -- 4.2.4 DRC Architecture -- 4.2.5 Conclusions -- References -- 5. Self-Optimisation -- 5.1 Mobility Robustness Optimisation -- 5.1.1 Goals of MRO -- 5.1.2 Cell Changes and Interference Challenges -- 5.1.3 MRO Relevant Parameters -- 5.1.4 Causes for Mobility Problems -- 5.1.5 MRO Solutions -- 5.1.6 MRO Time Scales -- 5.1.7 MRO Performance -- 5.2 Mobility Load Balancing and Traffic Steering -- 5.2.1 Introduction to Traffic Steering -- 5.2.2 SON Policies for Mobility Load Balancing -- 5.2.3 A Theoretical View of Load Balancing -- 5.2.4 Standardised Features and Procedures to Direct UEs to the Desired Layer -- 5.2.5 Exemplary Results of MLB -- 5.2.6 Uplink Load Balancing -- 5.2.7 Interactions Between TS/MLB and MRO -- 5.3 Energy Saving -- 5.3.1 Introduction -- 5.3.2 Requirements -- 5.3.3 Energy Saving Management -- 5.3.4 eNB Overlaid Scenario -- 5.3.5 Capacity-Limited Network -- 5.3.6 Equipment/Local ES -- 5.3.7 Example Scenarios and Expected Gains -- 5.3.8 Summary -- 5.4 Coverage and Capacity Optimisation -- 5.4.1 CCO with Adaptive Antennas -- 5.4.2 Performance Analysis for Antenna Parameter Optimisation Based CCO -- 5.4.3 CCO with TX Power -- 5.5 RACH Optimisation -- 5.5.1 General -- 5.5.2 PRACH Configuration -- 5.5.3 RACH Configuration -- 5.5.4 RACH/PRACH Configuration Example -- 5.5.5 RA Performance
- 5.5.6 Self-Optimisation Framework -- 5.5.7 UE Reporting -- 5.5.8 Inter-eNB Communication -- 5.6 RRM and SON (Interference Coordination, P0 Optimisation) -- 5.6.1 Interference Coordination -- 5.6.2 P0 Optimisation -- References -- 6. Self-Healing -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 3GPP Use Cases -- 6.1.2 3GPP Self-Healing Process and its Management -- 6.1.3 Cell Degradation Management -- 6.2 Cell Degradation Detection -- 6.3 Cell Degradation Diagnosis and Prediction -- 6.3.1 Rule Based Systems -- 6.3.2 Bayesian Networks -- 6.3.3 Case Based Reasoning -- 6.3.4 Neural Networks -- 6.3.5 Active Measurements -- 6.3.6 Prediction -- 6.4 Cell Outage Compensation -- 6.4.1 Activation of Cell Outage Compensation -- 6.4.2 Means of Cell Outage Compensation -- 6.4.3 Interaction between Cell Outage Compensation and Self-Configuration Functions -- References -- 7. Supporting Function: Minimisation of Drive Tests (MDT) -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 General -- 7.1.2 History and Background -- 7.2 Relation to SON -- 7.3 Requirements -- 7.4 Use Cases -- 7.4.1 Operator Scenarios -- 7.4.2 Coverage Optimisation -- 7.4.3 Mobility Optimisation -- 7.4.4 Capacity Optimisation -- 7.4.5 Parameterisation for Common Channels -- 7.4.6 QoS Verification -- 7.5 Overall Architecture -- 7.6 Managing MDT -- 7.6.1 Subscriber and Equipment Trace -- 7.6.2 MDT Configuration Parameters -- 7.6.3 Subscription Based MDT -- 7.6.4 Area Based MDT -- 7.6.5 Supporting Functionality in the Management System -- 7.6.6 MDT Reporting -- 7.7 MDT Radio Interface Procedures -- 7.7.1 Immediate MDT -- 7.7.2 Logged MDT -- 7.7.3 RLF Reporting -- 7.7.4 Measurement Parameters -- 7.7.5 Location Information -- 7.8 Conclusion -- References -- 8. SON for Core Networks -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 SON for Packet Core Networks -- 8.2.1 Packet Core Element Auto-Configuration -- 8.2.2 Automatic Neighbour Relation
- 11. Future Research Topics -- 11.1 Future Mobile Network Scenarios -- 11.1.1 Heterogeneous Networks -- 11.1.2 Cloud RAN -- 11.1.3 Requirements for Future OAM Systems -- 11.2 Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN) -- 11.2.1 From SON to CRN -- 11.2.2 Definitions -- 11.2.3 Framework -- 11.2.4 Artificial Intelligence -- 11.3 Applications -- 11.3.1 Self-Configuration -- 11.3.2 Self-Optimisation -- 11.3.3 Self-Healing -- 11.3.4 Operation -- 11.4 Conclusion -- References -- Index
- 8.2.3 S1 Flex (MME Pooling) -- 8.2.4 Signalling Optimisation -- 8.2.5 Latency Optimisation -- 8.2.6 Fast Gateway Convergence with Bidirectional Forward Detection -- 8.2.7 Dynamic IP Pool Allocation -- 8.2.8 Energy Saving -- 8.3 SON for Voice Core Networks -- 8.3.1 Voice Over IP Quality Monitoring and Management -- 8.3.2 Resource Optimisation in Voice Core Network -- References -- 9. SON Operation -- 9.1 SON Function Interactions -- 9.1.1 Spatial Characteristic -- 9.1.2 Temporal Characteristic -- 9.1.3 Categories of SON Conflicts -- 9.1.4 Network Parameters Related to SON Functions -- 9.1.5 Examples for Conflicts between SON Functions -- 9.2 Coordination of SON Functions -- 9.2.1 Basic Options for SON Coordination -- 9.2.2 Goals of SON Function Coordination -- 9.2.3 SON Coordination Function Concept -- 9.2.4 Coordination Schemes -- 9.2.5 Related Work -- 9.2.6 SON Function Coordination Example -- 9.3 Conclusions -- References -- 10. SON for Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet) -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Standardisation and Network Architecture -- 10.2.1 Network Architecture for HetNet -- 10.3 Self-Configuration -- 10.3.1 Auto-Connectivity and -Commissioning -- 10.3.2 Automatic Site Identification and Hardware-to-Site Mapping -- 10.3.3 Automatic Neighbour Relations (ANR) -- 10.4 Self-Optimisation: Interference Management -- 10.4.1 Interference Characteristics in HetNet Scenarios -- 10.4.2 Basic Interference Management Techniques -- 10.4.3 Scenarios with Macro eNBs and Micro/Pico eNBs -- 10.4.4 Enhanced Time-Domain Interference Management: eICIC -- 10.4.5 Outlook on Further Interference Management Innovations -- 10.5 Self-Optimisation: Mobility Aspects -- MRO and Traffic Steering -- 10.5.1 Mobility Robustness Optimisation -- 10.5.2 Multi-Layer Traffic Steering and Load Balancing -- 10.5.3 IEEE 802.11 (WiFi) Integration -- References