The International Law of Belligerent Occupation
The customary law of belligerent occupation goes back to the Hague and Geneva Conventions. Recent instances of such occupation include Iraq, the former Yugoslavia, the Congo and Eritrea. But the paradigmatic illustration is the Israeli occupation, lasting for over 40 years. There is now case law of...
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| Hlavný autor: | |
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| Médium: | E-kniha Kniha |
| Jazyk: | English |
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Cambridge
Cambridge University Press
2009
Cambridge University Press Textbooks |
| Vydanie: | 1 |
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| ISBN: | 9780521720946, 052172094X, 0521896371, 9780521896375 |
| On-line prístup: | Získať plný text |
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- B. The advantages of the law of belligerent occupation -- C. The advantages of human rights law -- D. The lex specialis rule -- 4 The maintenance of law and order in occupied territories -- I. Hague Regulation 43 -- II. The structure and scope of Regulation 43 -- III. Restoring and ensuring public order and life under Regulation 43 -- IV. Individual resistance to occupation -- A. Saboteurs and prisoners of war -- B. Levee en masse -- V. Riot control -- VI. Hostilities in occupied territories -- A. The duality of hostilities and occupation -- B. Direct participation in hostilities -- C. 'Human shields' -- 5 Legislation by the Occupying Power -- I. Themeaning of the phrase 'les lois en vigueur' -- II. Themeaning of the phrase 'empêchement absolu' -- III. Article 64 of Geneva Convention (IV) -- IV. The specific categories of necessity -- A. Security legislation -- B. Repeal of legislation inconsistent with Geneva Convention (IV) -- C. Legislation geared to the needs of the civilian population -- D. Other legislation -- V. Prolonged occupation -- V. Prolonged occupation -- VI. The litmus test -- VII. Institutional changes -- VIII. Taxation -- IX. Limitations of the legislative power -- X. Settlers -- 6 The judicial system in occupied territories -- I. The double-tiered system of courts -- A. Local courts -- B. Military courts -- C. Concurrent jurisdiction -- II. The right to a fair trial -- III. Capital punishment -- 7 Protection of the civilian population under belligerent occupation -- I. Freedom from genocide and the right to life -- A. The prohibition of genocide -- B. The individual right to life -- II. Ensuring the survival of the civilian population -- III. Respect for the rights of protected persons -- IV. The prohibition of hostage-taking -- V. Collective penalties and reprisals -- A. Collective penalties
- B. Demolition or sealing off of houses -- C. Reprisals -- VI. Deportations and transfer -- A. Voluntary departure, deportation and relocation -- B. The Israeli practice -- C. Individual versus mass deportations -- D. 'Exclusion' versus deportation -- E. The State of nationality versus other countries -- F. Occupying versus occupied territory -- VII. Evacuation -- VIII. Internment (administrative detention) -- IX. Assigned residence -- X. Compulsory work -- 8 Special protection in occupied territories -- I. Refugees -- II. Women and children -- A. Women -- B. Children -- III. Medical services -- IV. Civil defence -- V. Humanitarian relief -- A. Relief consignments -- B. Relief personnel -- 9 Destruction and pillage of property in occupied territories -- I. Destruction of property -- A. The general prohibition -- B. Special protection -- C. Demolition of a house as a sanction -- II. Pillage -- 10 Seizure and use of property in occupied territories -- I. General observations -- A. The prohibition of spoliation -- B. The distinction between public and private property -- C. The temporal problem -- II. Public property -- A. Immovable property -- B. Movable property -- C. Extraordinary property -- (a) Property of municipalities -- (b) Cultural property -- (c) Medical property -- (d) Civil defence mat´eriel -- (e) Submarine cables -- III. Private property -- A. Immovable property -- B. Movable property -- (a) Ordinary property -- (b) Munitions de guerre and related items -- IV. The right of angary -- 11 Other major issues relating to belligerent occupation -- I. Settlements -- A. Geneva Convention (IV) -- B. The Israeli settlements -- C. The Judgments of the Supreme Court of Israel -- II. The security barrier -- A. The setting -- B. The Beit Sourik case -- C. The Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice -- D. The Alfei Menashe case
- III. Reunion of families -- IV. Political activities and elections -- V. Freedom of the press -- VI. Freedom of religion -- VII. Human dignity -- 12 The termination of belligerent occupation -- I. The complete end of belligerent occupation -- A. Treaty of peace -- B. Prescription -- C. Withdrawal from an occupied territory -- D. Binding decision by the UN Security Council -- II. Partial end of belligerent occupation -- A. Agreement between the parties -- B. The tide of hostilities -- C. Unilateral decision of the Occupying Power -- III. Post-hostilities belligerent occupation -- IV. The consequences of the termination of occupation -- CONCLUSION -- INDEX OF PERSONS -- INDEX OF SUBJECTS
- COVER -- HALF-TITLE -- TITLE -- COPYRIGHT -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- TABLE OF CASES -- A. International Courts and Tribunals -- 1. International Court of Justice -- 2. International Criminal Court -- 3. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) -- 4. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda -- 5. International Military Tribunals -- 6. European Court of Human Rights -- 7. Inter-American Court of Human Rights -- 8. Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission -- 9. Other Arbitral Awards -- B. National Courts and Tribunals -- 1. Subsequent Proceedings at Nuremberg (US Military Tribunals) -- 2. Austria -- 3. France -- 4. Germany -- 5. Israel -- 6. Italy -- 7. Netherlands -- 8. Norway -- 9. Singapore -- 10. United Kingdom -- 11. West Bank -- TABLE OF TREATIES -- TABLE OF UN RESOLUTIONS -- A. Security Council -- B. General Assembly -- ABBREVIATIONS -- 1 The general framework -- I. Belligerent occupation as a natural phenomenon in war -- II. Belligerent occupation and the legality of war -- III. The strata of the international law of belligerent occupation -- A. Customary international law -- B. The Hague Regulations -- C. Geneva Convention (IV) -- D. Additional Protocol I -- IV. A brief historical outline -- A. The past -- B. The last decades -- V. The case of Israel -- A. The Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip -- B. The West Bank -- C. The 'Oslo Process' Accords -- D. East Jerusalem -- E. The Golan Heights -- F. The general applicability of Geneva Convention (IV) -- G. Judicial review by the Supreme Court sitting as a High Court of Justice -- H. The domestic applicability of Geneva Convention (IV) -- 2 The legal nature and basic principles of belligerent occupation -- I. Conditions for the establishment of a belligerent occupation regime -- A. Belligerent occupation and inter-State armed conflicts
- (a) The linkage of belligerent occupation to war -- (b) Occupation following unconditional surrender -- (c) Non-international armed conflicts -- B. The non-consensual nature of belligerent occupation -- (a) Coercion as the key to belligerent occupation -- (b) Occupation based on agreement following war -- (c) Consensual occupation of Allied territory during war -- (d) Occupation by UN forces -- C. The distinction between belligerent occupation and invasion -- D. The indispensability of effective control -- E. Some ancillary comments -- (a) Jurisdictional rights -- (b) Outlying land areas -- (c) Maritime areas and air space -- (d) Proclamation -- (e) Several Occupying Powers -- II. Sovereignty and belligerent occupation -- A. Sovereignty and non-annexation -- B. Transfer of title over an occupied territory -- C. Nationality and allegiance -- III. Themilitary nature of the government in an occupied territory -- A. The administration of an occupied territory -- B. The overall responsibility of the Occupying Power -- C. Self-government -- D. The employment of local officials -- IV. Protected persons in occupied territories -- A. The scope of protection -- B. The treatment of saboteurs -- V. Protecting Powers -- A. The theory -- B. The practice -- 3 Human rights and belligerent occupation -- I. The international law of human rights -- II. The application of human rights law in occupied territories -- III. Derogations fromobligations to respect human rights -- A. Derogations and war -- B. Procedural and substantive requirements -- IV. Non-derogable human rights -- V. Built-in limitations of human rights -- A. Explicit limitations -- B. Implicit limitations -- VI. Balance between competing human rights -- VII. The interaction between the law of belligerent occupation and the law of human rights -- A. Convergence and divergence