Computer processing of remotely-sensed images : an introduction

This fourth and full colour edition updates and expands a widely-used textbook aimed at advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students taking courses in remote sensing and GIS in Geography, Geology and Earth/Environmental Science departments. Existing material has been brought up to date and new m...

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Hlavní autori: Mather, Paul M, Koch, Magaly
Médium: E-kniha Kniha
Jazyk:English
Vydavateľské údaje: Chichester, West Sussex, UK ; Hoboken, NJ Wiley-Blackwell 2011
John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated
Vydanie:4
Predmet:
Data processing
Digital techniques
Image processing
Image processing > Digital techniques
Remote sensing
Remote sensing > Data processing
Remote-sensing images
ISBN:9780470742389, 0470742380, 0470742399, 9780470742396, 047066651X, 9780470666517
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Obsah:
  • 8.2 Geometrical Basis of Classification -- 8.3 Unsupervised Classification -- 8.4 Supervised Classification -- 8.5 Subpixel Classification Techniques -- 8.6 More Advanced Approaches to Image Classification -- 8.7 Incorporation of Non-spectral Features -- 8.8 Contextual Information -- 8.9 Feature Selection -- 8.10 Classification Accuracy -- 8.11 Summary -- 9: Advanced Topics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 SAR Interferometry -- 9.3 Imaging Spectroscopy -- 9.4 Lidar -- 9.5 Summary -- 10: Environmental Geographical Information Systems: A Remote Sensing Perspective -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Data Models, Data Structures and File Formats -- 10.3 Geodata Processing -- 10.4 Locational Analysis -- 10.5 Spatial Analysis -- 10.6 Environmental Modelling -- 10.7 Visualization -- 10.8 Multicriteria Decision Analysis of Groundwater Recharge Zones -- 10.9 Assessing Flash Flood Hazards by Classifying Wadi Deposits in Arid Environments -- 10.10 Remote Sensing and GIS in Archaeological Studies -- Appendix A Accessing MIPS -- Appendix B Getting Started with MIPS -- Appendix C Description of Sample Image Datasets -- Appendix D Acronyms and Abbreviations -- References -- Index
  • Intro -- Title -- copyright -- Preface to the First Edition -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the Third Edition -- Preface to the Fourth Edition -- List of Examples -- series -- web page -- 1: Remote Sensing: Basic Principles -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Electromagnetic Radiation and Its Properties -- 1.3 Interaction with Earth-Surface Materials -- 1.4 Summary -- 2: Remote Sensing Platforms and Sensors -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Charahcteristics of Imaging Remote Sensing Instruments -- 2.3 Optical, Near-infrared and Thermal Imaging Sensors -- 2.4 Microwave Imaging Sensors -- 2.5 Summary -- 3: Hardware and Software Aspects of Digital Image Processing -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Properties of Digital Remote Sensing Data -- 3.3 Numerical Analysis and Software Accuracy -- 3.4 Some Remarks on Statistics -- 3.5 Summary -- 4: Preprocessing of Remotely-Sensed Data -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Cosmetic Operations -- 4.3 Geometric Correction and Registration -- 4.4 Atmospheric Correction -- 4.5 Illumination and View Angle Effects -- 4.6 Sensor Calibration -- 4.7 Terrain Effects -- 4.8 Summary -- 5: Image Enhancement Techniques -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Human Visual System -- 5.3 Contrast Enhancement -- 5.4 Pseudocolour Enhancement -- 5.5 Summary -- 6: Image Transforms -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Arithmetic Operations -- 6.3 Empirically Based Image Transforms -- 6.4 Principal Components Analysis -- 6.5 Hue-Saturation-Intensity (HSI) Transform -- 6.6 The Discrete Fourier Transform -- 6.7 The Discrete Wavelet Transform -- 6.8 Change Detection -- 6.9 Image Fusion -- 6.10 Summary -- 7: Filtering Techniques -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Spatial Domain Low-Pass (Smoothing) Filters -- 7.3 Spatial Domain High-Pass (Sharpening) Filters -- 7.4 Spatial Domain Edge Detectors -- 7.5 Frequency Domain Filters -- 7.6 Summary -- 8: Classification -- 8.1 Introduction
  • 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Cosmetic Operations -- 4.2.1 Missing Scan Lines -- 4.2.2 Destriping Methods -- 4.3 Geometric Correction and Registration -- 4.3.1 Orbital Geometry Model -- 4.3.2 Transformation Based on Ground Control Points -- 4.3.3 Resampling Procedures -- 4.3.4 Image Registration -- 4.3.5 Other Geometric Correction Methods -- 4.4 Atmospheric Correction -- 4.4.1 Background -- 4.4.2 Image-Based Methods -- 4.4.3 Radiative Transfer Models -- 4.4.4 Empirical Line Method -- 4.5 Illumination and View Angle Effects -- 4.6 Sensor Calibration -- 4.7 Terrain Effects -- 4.8 Summary -- 5 Image Enhancement Techniques -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Human Visual System -- 5.3 Contrast Enhancement -- 5.3.1 Linear Contrast Stretch -- 5.3.2 Histogram Equalization -- 5.3.3 Gaussian Stretch -- 5.4 Pseudocolour Enhancement -- 5.4.1 Density Slicing -- 5.4.2 Pseudocolour Transform -- 5.5 Summary -- 6 Image Transforms -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Arithmetic Operations -- 6.2.1 Image Addition -- 6.2.2 Image Subtraction -- 6.2.3 Image Multiplication -- 6.2.4 Image Division and Vegetation Indices -- 6.3 Empirically Based Image Transforms -- 6.3.1 Perpendicular Vegetation Index -- 6.3.2 Tasselled Cap (Kauth-Thomas) Transformation -- 6.4 Principal Components Analysis -- 6.4.1 Standard Principal Components Analysis -- 6.4.2 Noise-Adjusted PCA -- 6.4.3 Decorrelation Stretch -- 6.5 Hue-Saturation-Intensity (HSI) Transform -- 6.6 The Discrete Fourier Transform -- 6.6.1 Introduction -- 6.6.2 Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform -- 6.6.3 Applications of the Fourier Transform -- 6.7 The Discrete Wavelet Transform -- 6.7.1 Introduction -- 6.7.2 The One-Dimensional Discrete Wavelet Transform -- 6.7.3 The Two-Dimensional Discrete Wavelet Transform -- 6.8 Change Detection -- 6.8.1 Introduction -- 6.8.2 NDVI Difference Image -- 6.8.3 PCA -- 6.8.4 Canonical Correlation Change Analysis
  • 6.8.5 Summary -- 6.9 Image Fusion -- 6.9.1 Introduction -- 6.9.2 HSI Algorithm -- 6.9.3 PCA -- 6.9.4 Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization -- 6.9.5 Wavelet-Based Methods -- 6.9.6 Evaluation - Subjective Methods -- 6.9.7 Evaluation - Objective Methods -- 6.10 Summary -- 7 Filtering Techniques -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Spatial Domain Low-Pass (Smoothing) Filters -- 7.2.1 Moving Average Filter -- 7.2.2 Median Filter -- 7.2.3 Adaptive Filters -- 7.3 Spatial Domain High-Pass (Sharpening) Filters -- 7.3.1 Image Subtraction Method -- 7.3.2 Derivative-Based Methods -- 7.4 Spatial Domain Edge Detectors -- 7.5 Frequency Domain Filters -- 7.6 Summary -- 8 Classification -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Geometrical Basis of Classification -- 8.3 Unsupervised Classification -- 8.3.1 The k-Means Algorithm -- 8.3.2 ISODATA -- 8.3.3 A Modified k-Means Algorithm -- 8.4 Supervised Classification -- 8.4.1 Training Samples -- 8.4.2 Statistical Classifiers -- 8.4.3 Neural Classifiers -- 8.5 Subpixel Classification Techniques -- 8.5.1 The Linear Mixture Model -- 8.5.2 Spectral Angle Mapping -- 8.5.3 ICA -- 8.5.4 Fuzzy Classifiers -- 8.6 More Advanced Approaches to Image Classification -- 8.6.1 Support Vector Machines -- 8.6.2 Decision Trees -- 8.6.3 Other Methods of Classification -- 8.7 Incorporation of Non-spectral Features -- 8.7.1 Texture -- 8.7.2 Use of External Data -- 8.8 Contextual Information -- 8.9 Feature Selection -- 8.10 Classification Accuracy -- 8.11 Summary -- 9 Advanced Topics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 SAR Interferometry -- 9.2.1 Basic Principles -- 9.2.2 Interferometric Processing -- 9.2.3 Problems in SAR Interferometry -- 9.2.4 Applications of SAR Interferometry -- 9.3 Imaging Spectroscopy -- 9.3.1 Introduction -- 9.3.2 Processing Imaging Spectroscopy Data -- 9.4 Lidar -- 9.4.1 Introduction -- 9.4.2 Lidar Details -- 9.4.3 Lidar Applications -- 9.5 Summary
  • 10 Environmental Geographical Information Systems: A Remote Sensing Perspective -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Definitions -- 10.1.2 The Synergy between Remote Sensing and GIS -- 10.2 Data Models, Data Structures and File Formats -- 10.2.1 Spatial Data Models -- 10.2.2 Data Structures -- 10.2.3 File Formats -- 10.2.4 Raster to Vector and Vector to Raster Conversion -- 10.3 Geodata Processing -- 10.3.1 Buffering -- 10.3.2 Overlay -- 10.4 Locational Analysis -- 10.4.1 Slope and Aspect -- 10.4.2 Proximity Analysis -- 10.4.3 Contiguity and Connectivity -- 10.5 Spatial Analysis -- 10.5.1 Point Patterns and Interpolation -- 10.5.2 Relating Field and Remotely-Sensed Measurements: Statistical Analysis -- 10.5.3 Exploratory Data Analysis and Data Mining -- 10.6 Environmental Modelling -- 10.7 Visualization -- 10.8 Multicriteria Decision Analysis of Groundwater Recharge Zones -- 10.8.1 Introduction -- 10.8.2 Data Characteristics -- 10.8.3 Multicriteria Decision Analysis -- 10.8.4 Evaluation -- 10.8.5 Conclusions -- 10.9 Assessing Flash Flood Hazards by Classifying Wadi Deposits in Arid Environments -- 10.9.1 Introduction -- 10.9.2 Water Resources in Arid Lands -- 10.9.3 Case Study from the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt -- 10.9.4 Optical and Microwave Data Fusion -- 10.9.5 Classification of Wadi Deposits -- 10.9.6 Correlation of Classification Results with Geology and Terrain Data -- 10.9.7 Conclusions -- 10.10 Remote Sensing and GIS in Archaeological Studies -- 10.10.1 Introduction -- 10.10.2 Homul (Guatemala) Case Study -- 10.10.3 Aksum (Ethiopia) Case Study -- 10.10.4 Conclusions -- Appendix A Accessing MIPS -- Appendix B Getting Started with MIPS -- Appendix C Description of Sample Image Datasets -- Appendix D Acronyms and Abbreviations -- References -- Index
  • Intro -- Computer Processing of Remotely-Sensed Images -- Contents -- Preface to the First Edition -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the Third Edition -- Preface to the Fourth Edition -- List of Examples -- 1 Remote Sensing: Basic Principles -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Electromagnetic Radiation and Its Properties -- 1.2.1 Terminology -- 1.2.2 Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation -- 1.2.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum -- 1.2.4 Sources of Electromagnetic Radiation -- 1.2.5 Interactions with the Earth's Atmosphere -- 1.3 Interaction with Earth-Surface Materials -- 1.3.1 Introduction -- 1.3.2 Spectral Reflectance of Earth Surface Materials -- 1.4 Summary -- 2 Remote Sensing Platforms and Sensors -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Characteristics of Imaging Remote Sensing Instruments -- 2.2.1 Spatial Resolution -- 2.2.2 Spectral Resolution -- 2.2.3 Radiometric Resolution -- 2.3 Optical, Near-infrared and Thermal Imaging Sensors -- 2.3.1 Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) -- 2.3.2 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and NPOESS VIIRS -- 2.3.3 MODIS -- 2.3.4 Ocean Observing Instruments -- 2.3.5 IRS LISS -- 2.3.6 Landsat Instruments -- 2.3.7 SPOT Sensors -- 2.3.8 Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) -- 2.3.9 High-Resolution Commercial and Small Satellite Systems -- 2.4 Microwave Imaging Sensors -- 2.4.1 European Space Agency Synthetic Aperture Spaceborne Radars -- 2.4.2 Radarsat -- 2.4.3 TerraSAR-X and COSMO/Skymed -- 2.4.4 ALOS PALSAR -- 2.5 Summary -- 3 Hardware and Software Aspects of Digital Image Processing -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Properties of Digital Remote Sensing Data -- 3.2.1 Digital Data -- 3.2.2 Data Formats -- 3.2.3 System Processing -- 3.3 Numerical Analysis and Software Accuracy -- 3.4 Some Remarks on Statistics -- 3.5 Summary -- 4 Preprocessing of Remotely-Sensed Data