Drastic population fluctuations explain the rapid extinction of the passenger pigeon
To assess the role of human disturbances in species' extinction requires an understanding of the species population history before human impact. The passenger pigeon was once the most abundant bird in the world, with a population size estimated at 3-5 billion in the 1800s; its abrupt extinction...
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| Vydáno v: | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Ročník 111; číslo 29; s. 10636 |
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United States
22.07.2014
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| ISSN: | 1091-6490, 1091-6490 |
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| Abstract | To assess the role of human disturbances in species' extinction requires an understanding of the species population history before human impact. The passenger pigeon was once the most abundant bird in the world, with a population size estimated at 3-5 billion in the 1800s; its abrupt extinction in 1914 raises the question of how such an abundant bird could have been driven to extinction in mere decades. Although human exploitation is often blamed, the role of natural population dynamics in the passenger pigeon's extinction remains unexplored. Applying high-throughput sequencing technologies to obtain sequences from most of the genome, we calculated that the passenger pigeon's effective population size throughout the last million years was persistently about 1/10,000 of the 1800's estimated number of individuals, a ratio 1,000-times lower than typically found. This result suggests that the passenger pigeon was not always super abundant but experienced dramatic population fluctuations, resembling those of an "outbreak" species. Ecological niche models supported inference of drastic changes in the extent of its breeding range over the last glacial-interglacial cycle. An estimate of acorn-based carrying capacity during the past 21,000 y showed great year-to-year variations. Based on our results, we hypothesize that ecological conditions that dramatically reduced population size under natural conditions could have interacted with human exploitation in causing the passenger pigeon's rapid demise. Our study illustrates that even species as abundant as the passenger pigeon can be vulnerable to human threats if they are subject to dramatic population fluctuations, and provides a new perspective on the greatest human-caused extinction in recorded history. |
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| AbstractList | To assess the role of human disturbances in species' extinction requires an understanding of the species population history before human impact. The passenger pigeon was once the most abundant bird in the world, with a population size estimated at 3-5 billion in the 1800s; its abrupt extinction in 1914 raises the question of how such an abundant bird could have been driven to extinction in mere decades. Although human exploitation is often blamed, the role of natural population dynamics in the passenger pigeon's extinction remains unexplored. Applying high-throughput sequencing technologies to obtain sequences from most of the genome, we calculated that the passenger pigeon's effective population size throughout the last million years was persistently about 1/10,000 of the 1800's estimated number of individuals, a ratio 1,000-times lower than typically found. This result suggests that the passenger pigeon was not always super abundant but experienced dramatic population fluctuations, resembling those of an "outbreak" species. Ecological niche models supported inference of drastic changes in the extent of its breeding range over the last glacial-interglacial cycle. An estimate of acorn-based carrying capacity during the past 21,000 y showed great year-to-year variations. Based on our results, we hypothesize that ecological conditions that dramatically reduced population size under natural conditions could have interacted with human exploitation in causing the passenger pigeon's rapid demise. Our study illustrates that even species as abundant as the passenger pigeon can be vulnerable to human threats if they are subject to dramatic population fluctuations, and provides a new perspective on the greatest human-caused extinction in recorded history.To assess the role of human disturbances in species' extinction requires an understanding of the species population history before human impact. The passenger pigeon was once the most abundant bird in the world, with a population size estimated at 3-5 billion in the 1800s; its abrupt extinction in 1914 raises the question of how such an abundant bird could have been driven to extinction in mere decades. Although human exploitation is often blamed, the role of natural population dynamics in the passenger pigeon's extinction remains unexplored. Applying high-throughput sequencing technologies to obtain sequences from most of the genome, we calculated that the passenger pigeon's effective population size throughout the last million years was persistently about 1/10,000 of the 1800's estimated number of individuals, a ratio 1,000-times lower than typically found. This result suggests that the passenger pigeon was not always super abundant but experienced dramatic population fluctuations, resembling those of an "outbreak" species. Ecological niche models supported inference of drastic changes in the extent of its breeding range over the last glacial-interglacial cycle. An estimate of acorn-based carrying capacity during the past 21,000 y showed great year-to-year variations. Based on our results, we hypothesize that ecological conditions that dramatically reduced population size under natural conditions could have interacted with human exploitation in causing the passenger pigeon's rapid demise. Our study illustrates that even species as abundant as the passenger pigeon can be vulnerable to human threats if they are subject to dramatic population fluctuations, and provides a new perspective on the greatest human-caused extinction in recorded history. To assess the role of human disturbances in species' extinction requires an understanding of the species population history before human impact. The passenger pigeon was once the most abundant bird in the world, with a population size estimated at 3-5 billion in the 1800s; its abrupt extinction in 1914 raises the question of how such an abundant bird could have been driven to extinction in mere decades. Although human exploitation is often blamed, the role of natural population dynamics in the passenger pigeon's extinction remains unexplored. Applying high-throughput sequencing technologies to obtain sequences from most of the genome, we calculated that the passenger pigeon's effective population size throughout the last million years was persistently about 1/10,000 of the 1800's estimated number of individuals, a ratio 1,000-times lower than typically found. This result suggests that the passenger pigeon was not always super abundant but experienced dramatic population fluctuations, resembling those of an "outbreak" species. Ecological niche models supported inference of drastic changes in the extent of its breeding range over the last glacial-interglacial cycle. An estimate of acorn-based carrying capacity during the past 21,000 y showed great year-to-year variations. Based on our results, we hypothesize that ecological conditions that dramatically reduced population size under natural conditions could have interacted with human exploitation in causing the passenger pigeon's rapid demise. Our study illustrates that even species as abundant as the passenger pigeon can be vulnerable to human threats if they are subject to dramatic population fluctuations, and provides a new perspective on the greatest human-caused extinction in recorded history. |
| Author | Shaner, Pei-Jen L Huang, Wen-San Li, Shou-Hsien Hung, Chih-Ming Zink, Robert M Chu, Te-Chin Liu, Wei-Chung |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Chih-Ming surname: Hung fullname: Hung, Chih-Ming organization: Department of Life Science and – sequence: 2 givenname: Pei-Jen L surname: Shaner fullname: Shaner, Pei-Jen L organization: Department of Life Science and – sequence: 3 givenname: Robert M surname: Zink fullname: Zink, Robert M organization: Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, and Bell Museum, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 – sequence: 4 givenname: Wei-Chung surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Wei-Chung organization: Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan – sequence: 5 givenname: Te-Chin surname: Chu fullname: Chu, Te-Chin organization: Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan – sequence: 6 givenname: Wen-San surname: Huang fullname: Huang, Wen-San email: wshuang@mail.nmns.edu.tw, t43028@ntnu.edu.tw organization: Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung 404, Taiwan; andDepartment of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan wshuang@mail.nmns.edu.tw t43028@ntnu.edu.tw – sequence: 7 givenname: Shou-Hsien surname: Li fullname: Li, Shou-Hsien email: wshuang@mail.nmns.edu.tw, t43028@ntnu.edu.tw organization: Department of Life Science and wshuang@mail.nmns.edu.tw t43028@ntnu.edu.tw |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24979776$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Title | Drastic population fluctuations explain the rapid extinction of the passenger pigeon |
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