Economic mobility and the rise of the latin american middle class
After decades of stagnation, the size of Latin America's middle class recently expanded to the point where, for the first time ever, the number of people in poverty is equal to the size of the middle class. This volume investigates the nature, determinants and possible consequences of this rema...
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Washington, D.C
THE WORLD BANK
2012
World Bank World Bank Publications The World Bank Washington, DC: World Bank |
| Edition: | 1 |
| Series: | Latin America and Caribbean Studies |
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| ISBN: | 0821397230, 082139634X, 9780821396346, 9780821397237 |
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| Abstract | After decades of stagnation, the size of Latin America's middle class recently expanded to the point where, for the first time ever, the number of people in poverty is equal to the size of the middle class. This volume investigates the nature, determinants and possible consequences of this remarkable process of social transformation. We propose an original definition of the middle class, tailor-made for Latin America, centered on the concept of economic security and thus a low probability of falling into poverty. Given our definition of the middle class, there are four, not three, classes in Latin America. Sandwiched between the poor and the middle class there lies a large group of people who appear to make ends meet well enough, but do not enjoy the economic security that would be required for membership of the middle class. We call this group the 'vulnerable'. In an almost mechanical sense, these transformations in Latin America reflect both economic growth and declining inequality in over the period. We adopt a measure of mobility that decomposes the 'gainers' and 'losers' in society by social class of each household. The continent has experienced a large amount of churning over the last 15 years, at least 43% of all Latin Americans changed social classes between the mid 1990s and the end of the 2000s. Despite the upward mobility trend, intergenerational mobility, a better proxy for inequality of opportunity, remains stagnant. Educational achievement and attainment remain to be strongly dependent upon parental education levels. Despite the recent growth in pro-poor programs, the middle class has benefited disproportionally from social security transfers and are increasingly opting out from government services. Central to the region's prospects of continued progress will be its ability to harness the new middle class into a new, more inclusive
social contract, where the better-off pay their fair share of taxes, and demand improved public services. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | With moderate but sustained economic growth and generally declining inequality, the 2000s were a good decade for Latin America. Moderate poverty fell from roughly 40% to 30% of the population. Economic mobility powered a perceived increase in the ranks of the Latin American middle class. But who, exactly, belongs to that middle class? How much has it really grown? How much economic mobility do these countries really display? Drawing on a unique combination of data sets - income and consumption distributions, test scores, parental characteristics, personal beliefs and attitudes - this volume sheds new light on a period of pronounced social change in Latin America and the Caribbean. It paints a nuanced picture of a society where the intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic status still prevails, but where upward income movement within generations is now significant. It adopts a middle class definition that is based on economic security, and is arguably less arbitrary than others in the literature, and documents a 50% increase in its size. Yet, most of the continent's population is neither poor nor middle-class - but near-poor or vulnerable. The authors argue that there are many potential benefits from a growing middle class, but caution that whether those benefits come to fruition will depend, to a large extent, on whether countries manage to anchor their middle classes into a new, more cohesive, social contract that emphasises the inclusion of those who so far have been left behind.|Although the new European Union Party Financing Regulation is actually a sub-topic of the widely discussed European Constitution, officials have so far been rather quiet about it. The Regulation declares artificially created bodies called ""party alliances"" as political parties for the sole purpose of enabling subsidies from the EU budget to be paid to the European umbrella organizations of the established parties. This book argues that the regulation violates almost every principle of appropriate and legitimate public funding of political parties. Such principles have, for instance, already been drawn up by the German Constitutional Court and the Council of Europe. This book discusses such issues. Hans Herbert von Arnim is professor of public law at the School for Public Administration in Speyer, Germany. Martin Schurig teaches at the Institute for Public Administration in Speyer, Germany. After decades of stagnation, the size of Latin America's middle class recently expanded to the point where, for the first time ever, the number of people in poverty is equal to the size of the middle class. This volume investigates the nature, determinants and possible consequences of this remarkable process of social transformation. We propose an original definition of the middle class, tailor-made for Latin America, centered on the concept of economic security and thus a low probability of falling into poverty. Given our definition of the middle class, there are four, not three, classes in Latin America. Sandwiched between the poor and the middle class there lies a large group of people who appear to make ends meet well enough, but do not enjoy the economic security that would be required for membership of the middle class. We call this group the 'vulnerable'. In an almost mechanical sense, these transformations in Latin America reflect both economic growth and declining inequality in over the period. We adopt a measure of mobility that decomposes the 'gainers' and 'losers' in society by social class of each household. The continent has experienced a large amount of churning over the last 15 years, at least 43% of all Latin Americans changed social classes between the mid 1990s and the end of the 2000s. Despite the upward mobility trend, intergenerational mobility, a better proxy for inequality of opportunity, remains stagnant. Educational achievement and attainment remain to be strongly dependent upon parental education levels. Despite the recent growth in pro-poor programs, the middle class has benefited disproportionally from social security transfers and are increasingly opting out from government services. Central to the region's prospects of continued progress will be its ability to harness the new middle class into a new, more inclusive social contract, where the better-off pay their fair share of taxes, and demand improved public services. After decades of stagnation, the size of Latin America's middle class recently expanded to the point where, for the first time ever, the number of people in poverty is equal to the size of the middle class. This volume investigates the nature, determinants and possible consequences of this remarkable process of social transformation. We propose an original definition of the middle class, tailor-made for Latin America, centered on the concept of economic security and thus a low probability of falling into poverty. Given our definition of the middle class, there are four, not three, classes in Latin America. Sandwiched between the poor and the middle class there lies a large group of people who appear to make ends meet well enough, but do not enjoy the economic security that would be required for membership of the middle class. We call this group the 'vulnerable'. In an almost mechanical sense, these transformations in Latin America reflect both economic growth and declining inequality in over the period. We adopt a measure of mobility that decomposes the 'gainers' and 'losers' in society by social class of each household. The continent has experienced a large amount of churning over the last 15 years, at least 43% of all Latin Americans changed social classes between the mid 1990s and the end of the 2000s. Despite the upward mobility trend, intergenerational mobility, a better proxy for inequality of opportunity, remains stagnant. Educational achievement and attainment remain to be strongly dependent upon parental education levels. Despite the recent growth in pro-poor programs, the middle class has benefited disproportionally from social security transfers and are increasingly opting out from government services. Central to the region's prospects of continued progress will be its ability to harness the new middle class into a new, more inclusive social contract, where the better-off pay their fair share of taxes, and demand improved public services. Tras décadas de estancamiento, la población de clase media en América Latina y el Caribe ha aumentado un 50% - de aproximadamente 100 millones en 2003 a 150 millones en 2009. Durante este periodo, el porcentaje de la población pobre disminuyó notablemente, del 44% al 30%. Esta publicación analiza la naturaleza, los determinantes y las posibles consecuencias de este notable proceso de transformación social. Según los autores, el grupo social más grande de la región actualmente no son los pobres ni la clase media, sino un estrato de personas vulnerables situadas entre el umbral de la pobreza y los requisitos mínimos para disfrutar de un modo de vida más seguro, propio de la clase media. El auge de la clase media refleja los cambios recientes de la movilidad económica y si bien este auge conlleva numerosos beneficios potenciales, la materialización de éstos depende en gran medida de que los países consigan anclar la clase media en torno a un nuevo contrato social, más cohesivo, que ponga en relieve la necesidad de incluir a todos aquellos que han quedado rezagados. After decades of stagnation, the size of Latin America's middle class recently expanded to the point where, for the first time ever, the number of people in poverty is equal to the size of the middle class. This volume investigates the nature, determinants and possible consequences of this remarkable process of social transformation. We propose an original definition of the middle class, tailor-made for Latin America, centered on the concept of economic security and thus a low probability of falling into poverty. Given our definition of the middle class, there are four, not three, classes in Latin America. Sandwiched between the poor and the middle class there lies a large group of people who appear to make ends meet well enough, but do not enjoy the economic security that would be required for membership of the middle class. We call this group the 'vulnerable'. In an almost mechanical sense, these transformations in Latin America reflect both economic growth and declining inequality in over the period. We adopt a measure of mobility that decomposes the 'gainers' and 'losers' in society by social class of each household. The continent has experienced a large amount of churning over the last 15 years, at least 43% of all Latin Americans changed social classes between the mid 1990s and the end of the 2000s. Despite the upward mobility trend, intergenerational mobility, a better proxy for inequality of opportunity, remains stagnant. Educational achievement and attainment remain to be strongly dependent upon parental education levels. Despite the recent growth in pro-poor programs, the middle class has benefited disproportionally from social security transfers and are increasingly opting out from government services. Central to the region's prospects of continued progress will be its ability to harness the new middle class into a new, more inclusive social contract, where the better-off pay their fair share of taxes, and demand improved public services. |
| Author | Vakis, Renos Ferreira, Francisco H. G Lopez-Calva, Luis-Felipe Lopez-Calva, Luis Felipe Lugo, Maria Ana Messina, Julian Rigolini, Jamele |
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| Copyright | The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 2012 CC BY 3.0 IGO |
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| DocumentTitleAlternate | La movilidad economica y el crecimiento de la clase media en America Latina La movilidad económica y el crecimiento de la clase media en América Latina |
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| Keywords | POVERTY MOBILITY MIDDLE CLASS INEQUALITY SOCIAL CLASS VULNERABILITY MEASUREMENT SOCIAL CONTRACT LATIN AMERICA |
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| Snippet | After decades of stagnation, the size of Latin America's middle class recently expanded to the point where, for the first time ever, the number of people in... With moderate but sustained economic growth and generally declining inequality, the 2000s were a good decade for Latin America. Moderate poverty fell from... |
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| SubjectTerms | Arbeitsmobilität Culture and Development Economic aspects Economic conditions Households Households -- Economic aspects -- Latin America Income Income -- Latin America Inequality Lateinamerika Latin America Latin America -- Economic conditions Latin America-Middle Class-Social Class-Poverty-Inequality-Mobility-Measurement-Social Contract-Vulnerability Measurement Middle Class Middle class -- Latin America Mittelschicht Mobility Occupational mobility Occupational mobility -- Latin America Poverty Poverty Reduction Social Class Social Classes Social Development Social mobility Social mobility -- Latin America Social science Soziale Mobilität Vulnerability |
| SubjectTermsDisplay | Culture and Development Latin America-Middle Class-Social Class-Poverty-Inequality-Mobility-Measurement-Social Contract-Vulnerability Poverty Reduction Social Classes Social Development Social science |
| TableOfContents | Economic mobility and the rise of the latin american middle class -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Economic mobility and the middle class: concepts and measurement -- 3. Mobility across generations -- 4. Mobility within generations -- 5. The rising latin american and caribbean middle class -- 6. The middle class and the social contract in latin america. Front Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- A middle-income region on the way to becoming a middle-class region -- Within generations, remarkable upward mobility -- Across generations, mobility remains low -- A snapshot of the Latin American middle class -- The middle class and the social contract -- Notes -- References -- 1 Introduction -- Latin American "climbers" and "stayers" -- The broad context -- Pursuing the questions -- Notes -- References -- 2 Economic Mobility and the Middle Class: Concepts and Measurement -- Spaces, domains, and concepts of economic mobility -- Defining the middle class -- Linking mobility and middle-class dynamics: A matrix decomposition -- Notes -- References -- 3 Mobility across Generations -- Educational attainment: How important is parental background? -- The importance of educational achievement -- From educational to income mobility -- Policies and intergenerational educational mobility -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 4 Mobility within Generations -- Using synthetic panels to study long-term mobility -- Income mobility in Latin America: The past two decades -- Unravelling the box: Exiting poverty and entering the middle class -- Mobility profiles: Insights for policy -- Concluding remarks -- Annex 4.1 Data used for intragenerational mobility estimates -- Annex 4.2 Regional and country intragenerational mobility estimates and decomposition using synthetic panels -- Notes -- References -- 5 The Rising Latin American and Caribbean Middle Class -- The middle class in Latin America and the Caribbean -- Recent middle-class growth trends -- Forecasts for poverty reduction and middle-class growth -- Who is middle class in Latin America and the Caribbean? -- Broad class profiles from three exemplar countries Middle-class characteristics, selected countries -- References -- 6 The Middle Class and the Social Contract in Latin America -- The middle class and the shaping of economic policy -- Values and beliefs of the Latin American middle classes -- Overcoming a fragmented social contract -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Figures -- Focus Notes -- Tables -- Back Cover |
| Title | Economic mobility and the rise of the latin american middle class |
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