Debris-flow monitoring and warning: Review and examples

Debris flows represent one of the most dangerous types of mass movements, because of their high velocities, large impact forces and long runout distances. This review describes the available debris-flow monitoring techniques and proposes recommendations to inform the design of future monitoring and...

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Vydáno v:	Earth-science reviews Ročník 199; s. 102981
Hlavní autoři:	Hürlimann, Marcel, Coviello, Velio, Bel, Coraline, Guo, Xiaojun, Berti, Matteo, Graf, Christoph, Hübl, Johannes, Miyata, Shusuke, Smith, Joel B., Yin, Hsiao-Yuan
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Elsevier B.V 01.12.2019 Elsevier
Témata:	alarm systems algorithms Asia Debris flow Environmental Sciences Europe Hazard hazard characterization hydrodynamics mass movement Monitoring rain rain gauges rain intensity Sensor soil water United States vibration video cameras Warning watersheds Asia United States Europe Warning Debris flow Monitoring Hazard Sensor
ISSN:	0012-8252, 1872-6828
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Abstract	Debris flows represent one of the most dangerous types of mass movements, because of their high velocities, large impact forces and long runout distances. This review describes the available debris-flow monitoring techniques and proposes recommendations to inform the design of future monitoring and warning/alarm systems. The selection and application of these techniques is highly dependent on site and hazard characterization, which is illustrated through detailed descriptions of nine monitoring sites: five in Europe, three in Asia and one in the USA. Most of these monitored catchments cover less than ∼10km2 and are topographically rugged with Melton Indices greater than 0.5. Hourly rainfall intensities between 5 and 15mm/h are sufficient to trigger debris flows at many of the sites, and observed debris-flow volumes range from a few hundred up to almost one million cubic meters. The sensors found in these monitoring systems can be separated into two classes: a class measuring the initiation mechanisms, and another class measuring the flow dynamics. The first class principally includes rain gauges, but also contains of soil moisture and pore-water pressure sensors. The second class involves a large variety of sensors focusing on flow stage or ground vibrations and commonly includes video cameras to validate and aid in the data interpretation. Given the sporadic nature of debris flows, an essential characteristic of the monitoring systems is the differentiation between a continuous mode that samples at low frequency (“non-event mode”) and another mode that records the measurements at high frequency (“event mode”). The event detection algorithm, used to switch into the “event mode” depends on a threshold that is typically based on rainfall or ground vibration. Identifying the correct definition of these thresholds is a fundamental task not only for monitoring purposes, but also for the implementation of warning and alarm systems.
AbstractList	Debris flows represent one of the most dangerous types of mass movements, because of their high velocities, large impact forces and long runout distances. This review describes the available debris-flow monitoring techniques and proposes recommendations to inform the design of future monitoring and warning/alarm systems. The selection and application of these techniques is highly dependent on site and hazard characterization, which is illustrated through detailed descriptions of nine monitoring sites: five in Europe, three in Asia and one in the USA. Most of these monitored catchments cover less than ∼10km² and are topographically rugged with Melton Indices greater than 0.5. Hourly rainfall intensities between 5 and 15mm/h are sufficient to trigger debris flows at many of the sites, and observed debris-flow volumes range from a few hundred up to almost one million cubic meters. The sensors found in these monitoring systems can be separated into two classes: a class measuring the initiation mechanisms, and another class measuring the flow dynamics. The first class principally includes rain gauges, but also contains of soil moisture and pore-water pressure sensors. The second class involves a large variety of sensors focusing on flow stage or ground vibrations and commonly includes video cameras to validate and aid in the data interpretation. Given the sporadic nature of debris flows, an essential characteristic of the monitoring systems is the differentiation between a continuous mode that samples at low frequency (“non-event mode”) and another mode that records the measurements at high frequency (“event mode”). The event detection algorithm, used to switch into the “event mode” depends on a threshold that is typically based on rainfall or ground vibration. Identifying the correct definition of these thresholds is a fundamental task not only for monitoring purposes, but also for the implementation of warning and alarm systems. Debris flows represent one of the most dangerous types of mass movements, because of their high velocities, large impact forces and long runout distances. This review describes the available debris-flow monitoring techniques and proposes recommendations to inform the design of future monitoring and warning/alarm systems. The selection and application of these techniques is highly dependent on site and hazard characterization, which is illustrated through detailed descriptions of nine monitoring sites: five in Europe, three in Asia and one in the USA. Most of these monitored catchments cover less than similar to 10 km(2) and are topographically rugged with Melton Indices greater than 0.5. Hourly rainfall intensities between 5 and 15 mm/h are sufficient to trigger debris flows at many of the sites, and observed debris-flow volumes range from a few hundred up to almost one million cubic meters. The sensors found in these monitoring systems can be separated into two classes: a class measuring the initiation mechanisms, and another class measuring the flow dynamics. The first class principally includes rain gauges, but also contains of soil moisture and pore-water pressure sensors. The second class involves a large variety of sensors focusing on flow stage or ground vibrations and commonly includes video cameras to validate and aid in the data interpretation. Given the sporadic nature of debris flows, an essential characteristic of the monitoring systems is the differentiation between a continuous mode that samples at low frequency ("non-event mode") and another mode that records the measurements at high frequency ("event mode"). The event detection algorithm, used to switch into the "event mode" depends on a threshold that is typically based on rainfall or ground vibration. Identifying the correct definition of these thresholds is a fundamental task not only for monitoring purposes, but also for the implementation of warning and alarm systems. Debris flows represent one of the most dangerous types of mass movements, because of their high velocities, large impact forces and long runout distances. This review describes the available debris-flow monitoring techniques and proposes recommendations to inform the design of future monitoring and warning/alarm systems. The selection and application of these techniques is highly dependent on site and hazard characterization, which is illustrated through detailed descriptions of nine monitoring sites: five in Europe, three in Asia and one in the USA. Most of these monitored catchments cover less than ∼10km2 and are topographically rugged with Melton Indices greater than 0.5. Hourly rainfall intensities between 5 and 15mm/h are sufficient to trigger debris flows at many of the sites, and observed debris-flow volumes range from a few hundred up to almost one million cubic meters. The sensors found in these monitoring systems can be separated into two classes: a class measuring the initiation mechanisms, and another class measuring the flow dynamics. The first class principally includes rain gauges, but also contains of soil moisture and pore-water pressure sensors. The second class involves a large variety of sensors focusing on flow stage or ground vibrations and commonly includes video cameras to validate and aid in the data interpretation. Given the sporadic nature of debris flows, an essential characteristic of the monitoring systems is the differentiation between a continuous mode that samples at low frequency (“non-event mode”) and another mode that records the measurements at high frequency (“event mode”). The event detection algorithm, used to switch into the “event mode” depends on a threshold that is typically based on rainfall or ground vibration. Identifying the correct definition of these thresholds is a fundamental task not only for monitoring purposes, but also for the implementation of warning and alarm systems.
ArticleNumber	102981
Author	Hürlimann, Marcel Miyata, Shusuke Bel, Coraline Guo, Xiaojun Yin, Hsiao-Yuan Hübl, Johannes Berti, Matteo Coviello, Velio Graf, Christoph Smith, Joel B.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Marcel surname: Hürlimann fullname: Hürlimann, Marcel email: marcel.hurlimann@upc.edu organization: Department Division of Geotechnical Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering UPC BarcelonaTECH, Barcelona, Spain – sequence: 2 givenname: Velio surname: Coviello fullname: Coviello, Velio organization: Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy – sequence: 3 givenname: Coraline surname: Bel fullname: Bel, Coraline organization: Université Grenoble Alpes, Irstea, UR ETNA, St-Martin-d’Hères, France – sequence: 4 givenname: Xiaojun surname: Guo fullname: Guo, Xiaojun organization: Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Process and Hazards/Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China – sequence: 5 givenname: Matteo surname: Berti fullname: Berti, Matteo organization: Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy – sequence: 6 givenname: Christoph surname: Graf fullname: Graf, Christoph organization: Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland – sequence: 7 givenname: Johannes surname: Hübl fullname: Hübl, Johannes organization: Institute of Mountain Risk Engineering, Department of Natural Hazards and Civil Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria – sequence: 8 givenname: Shusuke surname: Miyata fullname: Miyata, Shusuke organization: Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Takayama, Japan – sequence: 9 givenname: Joel B. surname: Smith fullname: Smith, Joel B. organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Landslide Hazards Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center, Golden, USA – sequence: 10 givenname: Hsiao-Yuan surname: Yin fullname: Yin, Hsiao-Yuan organization: Soil and Water Conservation Bureau, Council of Agriculture, Nantou, Taiwan
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Snippet	Debris flows represent one of the most dangerous types of mass movements, because of their high velocities, large impact forces and long runout distances. This...
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SubjectTerms	alarm systems algorithms Asia Debris flow Environmental Sciences Europe Hazard hazard characterization hydrodynamics mass movement Monitoring rain rain gauges rain intensity Sensor soil water United States vibration video cameras Warning watersheds
Title	Debris-flow monitoring and warning: Review and examples
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