Beyond the 'east-west' dichotomy: Global variation in cultural models of selfhood
Markus and Kitayama's (1991) theory of independent and interdependent self-construals had a major influence on social, personality, and developmental psychology by highlighting the role of culture in psychological processes. However, research has relied excessively on contrasts between North Am...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of experimental psychology. General Jg. 145; H. 8; S. 966 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
United States
01.08.2016
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| ISSN: | 1939-2222, 1939-2222 |
| Online-Zugang: | Weitere Angaben |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| Abstract | Markus and Kitayama's (1991) theory of independent and interdependent self-construals had a major influence on social, personality, and developmental psychology by highlighting the role of culture in psychological processes. However, research has relied excessively on contrasts between North American and East Asian samples, and commonly used self-report measures of independence and interdependence frequently fail to show predicted cultural differences. We revisited the conceptualization and measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals in 2 large-scale multinational surveys, using improved methods for cross-cultural research. We developed (Study 1: N = 2924 students in 16 nations) and validated across cultures (Study 2: N = 7279 adults from 55 cultural groups in 33 nations) a new 7-dimensional model of self-reported ways of being independent or interdependent. Patterns of global variation support some of Markus and Kitayama's predictions, but a simple contrast between independence and interdependence does not adequately capture the diverse models of selfhood that prevail in different world regions. Cultural groups emphasize different ways of being both independent and interdependent, depending on individualism-collectivism, national socioeconomic development, and religious heritage. Our 7-dimensional model will allow future researchers to test more accurately the implications of cultural models of selfhood for psychological processes in diverse ecocultural contexts. (PsycINFO Database Record |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Markus and Kitayama's (1991) theory of independent and interdependent self-construals had a major influence on social, personality, and developmental psychology by highlighting the role of culture in psychological processes. However, research has relied excessively on contrasts between North American and East Asian samples, and commonly used self-report measures of independence and interdependence frequently fail to show predicted cultural differences. We revisited the conceptualization and measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals in 2 large-scale multinational surveys, using improved methods for cross-cultural research. We developed (Study 1: N = 2924 students in 16 nations) and validated across cultures (Study 2: N = 7279 adults from 55 cultural groups in 33 nations) a new 7-dimensional model of self-reported ways of being independent or interdependent. Patterns of global variation support some of Markus and Kitayama's predictions, but a simple contrast between independence and interdependence does not adequately capture the diverse models of selfhood that prevail in different world regions. Cultural groups emphasize different ways of being both independent and interdependent, depending on individualism-collectivism, national socioeconomic development, and religious heritage. Our 7-dimensional model will allow future researchers to test more accurately the implications of cultural models of selfhood for psychological processes in diverse ecocultural contexts. (PsycINFO Database RecordMarkus and Kitayama's (1991) theory of independent and interdependent self-construals had a major influence on social, personality, and developmental psychology by highlighting the role of culture in psychological processes. However, research has relied excessively on contrasts between North American and East Asian samples, and commonly used self-report measures of independence and interdependence frequently fail to show predicted cultural differences. We revisited the conceptualization and measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals in 2 large-scale multinational surveys, using improved methods for cross-cultural research. We developed (Study 1: N = 2924 students in 16 nations) and validated across cultures (Study 2: N = 7279 adults from 55 cultural groups in 33 nations) a new 7-dimensional model of self-reported ways of being independent or interdependent. Patterns of global variation support some of Markus and Kitayama's predictions, but a simple contrast between independence and interdependence does not adequately capture the diverse models of selfhood that prevail in different world regions. Cultural groups emphasize different ways of being both independent and interdependent, depending on individualism-collectivism, national socioeconomic development, and religious heritage. Our 7-dimensional model will allow future researchers to test more accurately the implications of cultural models of selfhood for psychological processes in diverse ecocultural contexts. (PsycINFO Database Record Markus and Kitayama's (1991) theory of independent and interdependent self-construals had a major influence on social, personality, and developmental psychology by highlighting the role of culture in psychological processes. However, research has relied excessively on contrasts between North American and East Asian samples, and commonly used self-report measures of independence and interdependence frequently fail to show predicted cultural differences. We revisited the conceptualization and measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals in 2 large-scale multinational surveys, using improved methods for cross-cultural research. We developed (Study 1: N = 2924 students in 16 nations) and validated across cultures (Study 2: N = 7279 adults from 55 cultural groups in 33 nations) a new 7-dimensional model of self-reported ways of being independent or interdependent. Patterns of global variation support some of Markus and Kitayama's predictions, but a simple contrast between independence and interdependence does not adequately capture the diverse models of selfhood that prevail in different world regions. Cultural groups emphasize different ways of being both independent and interdependent, depending on individualism-collectivism, national socioeconomic development, and religious heritage. Our 7-dimensional model will allow future researchers to test more accurately the implications of cultural models of selfhood for psychological processes in diverse ecocultural contexts. (PsycINFO Database Record |
| Author | Fülöp, Márta Ferreira, M Cristina Garðarsdóttir, Ragna B Fritsche, Immo Camino, Leoncio Lemos, Flávia Cristina Silveira Nizharadze, George Zinkeng, Martina Didier, Nicolas Zhang, Jianxin Baguma, Peter Cadena, Maria Paz Lorente Clemares, Raquel Milfont, Taciano L Yuki, Masaki Espinosa, Agustín Koller, Silvia H Güner, E Ülkü Des Rosiers, Sabrina E Mekonnen, Kassahun Habtamu Campara, Gabriella Owe, Ellinor Jalal, Baland Çağlar, Selinay Amponsah, Benjamin Vignoles, Vivian L Lay, Siugmin Kesebir, Pelin Bond, Michael Harris Özgen, Emre Yamakoğlu, Nil Regalia, Camillo Zhang, Xiao Brambilla, Maria Becker, Maja Abuhamdeh, Sami Martin, Mariana Chybicka, Aneta de Sauvage, Isabelle Carrasco, Diego Brown, Rupert Macapagal, Ma Elizabeth J Valk, Aune Cendales Ayala, Boris Courtois, Marie Gausel, Nicolay Kusdil, Ersin Aldhafri, Said Gavreliuc, Alin Balanta, Paola Harb, Charles Lv, Shaobo Möller, Bettina Prieto Gil, Paula Chobthamkit, Phatthanakit Jaafar, Jas Laile Smith, Peter B Kreuzbauer, Robert Pyszczynski, Tom Herman, Ginette Fischer, Ronald Torres, Ana Vill |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Vivian L surname: Vignoles fullname: Vignoles, Vivian L organization: School of Psychology, University of Sussex – sequence: 2 givenname: Ellinor surname: Owe fullname: Owe, Ellinor organization: School of Psychology, University of Sussex – sequence: 3 givenname: Maja surname: Becker fullname: Becker, Maja organization: CLLE, Université de Toulouse – sequence: 4 givenname: Peter B surname: Smith fullname: Smith, Peter B organization: School of Psychology, University of Sussex – sequence: 5 givenname: Matthew J surname: Easterbrook fullname: Easterbrook, Matthew J organization: School of Psychology, University of Sussex – sequence: 6 givenname: Rupert surname: Brown fullname: Brown, Rupert organization: School of Psychology, University of Sussex – sequence: 7 givenname: Roberto surname: González fullname: González, Roberto organization: School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile – sequence: 8 givenname: Nicolas surname: Didier fullname: Didier, Nicolas organization: School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile – sequence: 9 givenname: Diego surname: Carrasco fullname: Carrasco, Diego organization: School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile – sequence: 10 givenname: Maria Paz surname: Cadena fullname: Cadena, Maria Paz organization: School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile – sequence: 11 givenname: Siugmin surname: Lay fullname: Lay, Siugmin organization: School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile – sequence: 12 givenname: Seth J surname: Schwartz fullname: Schwartz, Seth J organization: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami – sequence: 13 givenname: Sabrina E surname: Des Rosiers fullname: Des Rosiers, Sabrina E organization: Department of Psychology, Barry University – sequence: 14 givenname: Juan A surname: Villamar fullname: Villamar, Juan A organization: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University – sequence: 15 givenname: Alin surname: Gavreliuc fullname: Gavreliuc, Alin organization: Department of Psychology, West University of Timisoara – sequence: 16 givenname: Martina surname: Zinkeng fullname: Zinkeng, Martina organization: Department of Guidance and Counselling, University of Buea – sequence: 17 givenname: Robert surname: Kreuzbauer fullname: Kreuzbauer, Robert organization: Department of Marketing and International Business and Institute on Asian Consumer Insight, Nanyang Business School, Nanyang Technological University – sequence: 18 givenname: Peter surname: Baguma fullname: Baguma, Peter organization: Department of Educational, Social and Organizational Psychology, School of Psychology, Makerere University – sequence: 19 givenname: Mariana surname: Martin fullname: Martin, Mariana organization: Department of Human Sciences, University of Namibia – sequence: 20 givenname: Alexander surname: Tatarko fullname: Tatarko, Alexander organization: Department of Psychology, National Research University Higher School of Economics – sequence: 21 givenname: Ginette surname: Herman fullname: Herman, Ginette organization: Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain – sequence: 22 givenname: Isabelle surname: de Sauvage fullname: de Sauvage, Isabelle organization: Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain – sequence: 23 givenname: Marie surname: Courtois fullname: Courtois, Marie organization: Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain – sequence: 24 givenname: Ragna B surname: Garðarsdóttir fullname: Garðarsdóttir, Ragna B organization: Department of Psychology, University of Iceland – sequence: 25 givenname: Charles surname: Harb fullname: Harb, Charles organization: Department of Psychology, American University of Beirut – sequence: 26 givenname: Inge surname: Schweiger Gallo fullname: Schweiger Gallo, Inge organization: Departamento de Psicología Social, Universidad Complutense de Madrid – sequence: 27 givenname: Paula surname: Prieto Gil fullname: Prieto Gil, Paula organization: Departamento de Psicología Social, Universidad Complutense de Madrid – sequence: 28 givenname: Raquel surname: Lorente Clemares fullname: Lorente Clemares, Raquel organization: Departamento de Psicología Social, Universidad Complutense de Madrid – sequence: 29 givenname: Gabriella surname: Campara fullname: Campara, Gabriella organization: Departamento de Psicología Social, Universidad Complutense de Madrid – sequence: 30 givenname: George surname: Nizharadze fullname: Nizharadze, George organization: Department of Social Sciences, Free University of Tbilisi – sequence: 31 givenname: Ma Elizabeth J surname: Macapagal fullname: Macapagal, Ma Elizabeth J organization: Department of Psychology, Ateneo de Manila University – sequence: 32 givenname: Baland surname: Jalal fullname: Jalal, Baland organization: Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge – sequence: 33 givenname: David surname: Bourguignon fullname: Bourguignon, David organization: Equipe PErSEUs (EA 7312), Lorraine University – sequence: 34 givenname: Jianxin surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Jianxin organization: Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences – sequence: 35 givenname: Shaobo surname: Lv fullname: Lv, Shaobo organization: Department of Psychology, North China University of Science and Technology – sequence: 36 givenname: Aneta surname: Chybicka fullname: Chybicka, Aneta organization: Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk – sequence: 37 givenname: Masaki surname: Yuki fullname: Yuki, Masaki organization: Department of Behavioral Science, Center for Experimental Research in Social Sciences, Hokkaido University – sequence: 38 givenname: Xiao surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Xiao organization: Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University – sequence: 39 givenname: Agustín surname: Espinosa fullname: Espinosa, Agustín organization: Department of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú – sequence: 40 givenname: Aune surname: Valk fullname: Valk, Aune organization: Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu – sequence: 41 givenname: Sami surname: Abuhamdeh fullname: Abuhamdeh, Sami organization: Department of Psychology, Istanbul Şehir University – sequence: 42 givenname: Benjamin surname: Amponsah fullname: Amponsah, Benjamin organization: Department of Psychology, University of Ghana – sequence: 43 givenname: Emre surname: Özgen fullname: Özgen, Emre organization: Department of Psychology, Yaşar University – sequence: 44 givenname: E Ülkü surname: Güner fullname: Güner, E Ülkü organization: Department of Psychology, Bilkent University – sequence: 45 givenname: Nil surname: Yamakoğlu fullname: Yamakoğlu, Nil organization: Department of Psychology, Bilkent University – sequence: 46 givenname: Phatthanakit surname: Chobthamkit fullname: Chobthamkit, Phatthanakit organization: Division of Psychology, Department of Psychology, Library Science, and Geography, Thammasat University – sequence: 47 givenname: Tom surname: Pyszczynski fullname: Pyszczynski, Tom organization: Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs – sequence: 48 givenname: Pelin surname: Kesebir fullname: Kesebir, Pelin organization: Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison – sequence: 49 givenname: Elvia surname: Vargas Trujillo fullname: Vargas Trujillo, Elvia organization: Department of Psychology, Universidad de Los Andes – sequence: 50 givenname: Paola surname: Balanta fullname: Balanta, Paola organization: Department of Psychology, Universidad de Los Andes – sequence: 51 givenname: Boris surname: Cendales Ayala fullname: Cendales Ayala, Boris organization: Department of Psychology, Universidad de Los Andes – sequence: 52 givenname: Silvia H surname: Koller fullname: Koller, Silvia H organization: Department of Psychology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – sequence: 53 givenname: Jas Laile surname: Jaafar fullname: Jaafar, Jas Laile organization: Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, University of Malaya – sequence: 54 givenname: Nicolay surname: Gausel fullname: Gausel, Nicolay organization: Department of Psychosocial Health, University of Agder – sequence: 55 givenname: Ronald surname: Fischer fullname: Fischer, Ronald organization: Centre for Applied Cross-Cultural Research, School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington – sequence: 56 givenname: Taciano L surname: Milfont fullname: Milfont, Taciano L organization: Centre for Applied Cross-Cultural Research, School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington – sequence: 57 givenname: Ersin surname: Kusdil fullname: Kusdil, Ersin organization: Department of Psychology, Uludag University – sequence: 58 givenname: Selinay surname: Çağlar fullname: Çağlar, Selinay organization: Department of Psychology, Ankara University – sequence: 59 givenname: Said surname: Aldhafri fullname: Aldhafri, Said organization: Department of Psychology, Sultan Qaboos University – sequence: 60 givenname: M Cristina surname: Ferreira fullname: Ferreira, M Cristina organization: Department of Psychology, Salgado de Oliveira University – sequence: 61 givenname: Kassahun Habtamu surname: Mekonnen fullname: Mekonnen, Kassahun Habtamu organization: School of Psychology, University of Addis Ababa – sequence: 62 givenname: Qian surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Qian organization: Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong – sequence: 63 givenname: Márta surname: Fülöp fullname: Fülöp, Márta organization: Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences – sequence: 64 givenname: Ana surname: Torres fullname: Torres, Ana organization: Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraíba – sequence: 65 givenname: Leoncio surname: Camino fullname: Camino, Leoncio organization: Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraíba – sequence: 66 givenname: Flávia Cristina Silveira surname: Lemos fullname: Lemos, Flávia Cristina Silveira organization: Department of Psychology, Federal University of Pará – sequence: 67 givenname: Immo surname: Fritsche fullname: Fritsche, Immo organization: Institute of Psychology, University of Leipzig – sequence: 68 givenname: Bettina surname: Möller fullname: Möller, Bettina organization: Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena – sequence: 69 givenname: Camillo surname: Regalia fullname: Regalia, Camillo organization: Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan – sequence: 70 givenname: Claudia surname: Manzi fullname: Manzi, Claudia organization: Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan – sequence: 71 givenname: Maria surname: Brambilla fullname: Brambilla, Maria organization: Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan – sequence: 72 givenname: Michael Harris surname: Bond fullname: Bond, Michael Harris organization: Department of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Business, Hong Kong Polytechnic University |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27359126$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNpNkE1LxDAQhoOsuB968QdIbuulmqRpsvWmi67Cggh6LvmY2krarE2q9t9bcQWfyzu8PAzDzNGk9S0gdErJBSWpvPx6BTJCZXaAZjRP84SNTP7NUzQP4e1HSlfiCE2ZTLOcMjFDTzcw-NbiWAFeggox-YQQl9jWpvLRN8MV3jivlcMfqqtVrH2L6xab3sW-G9vGW3AB-xIHcGXlvT1Gh6VyAU72uUAvd7fP6_tk-7h5WF9vE5VREZNMWSa5yIgWEiCVRhMrpCKGam5zSnlaGlICEZzkRmoQHEgpOXAAbXNN2QKd_-7ddf69H48umjoYcE614PtQ0BWRTGYrwkb1bK_2ugFb7Lq6Ud1Q_L2BfQNjNmAb |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1080_1068316X_2023_2279330 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cogdev_2024_101506 crossref_primary_10_1177_03057356241305154 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_intman_2022_100971 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2021_799164 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2019_00657 crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_psych_021723_063333 crossref_primary_10_1080_00224545_2022_2036670 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jesp_2024_104711 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph18126387 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_foodqual_2023_105086 crossref_primary_10_1007_s42761_025_00309_w crossref_primary_10_1177_0022022120939655 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_actpsy_2023_103871 crossref_primary_10_1177_02654075221098634 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_023_34338_x crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0253568 crossref_primary_10_1177_10693971221135703 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2021_745888 crossref_primary_10_1177_0022022120949913 crossref_primary_10_1057_s41599_022_01262_w crossref_primary_10_1177_17456916211029632 crossref_primary_10_1177_00220221221084041 crossref_primary_10_1177_00220221241305094 crossref_primary_10_1111_lcrp_12202 crossref_primary_10_4040_jkan_24052 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuropsychologia_2018_02_012 crossref_primary_10_1080_15298868_2025_2498399 crossref_primary_10_1108_IMR_12_2015_0283 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_actpsy_2025_104876 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2021_659301 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_copsyc_2019_06_019 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2019_00192 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_actpsy_2024_104558 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijintrel_2024_102135 crossref_primary_10_1111_aphw_12259 crossref_primary_10_1017_sjp_2018_43 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41597_024_03235_x crossref_primary_10_1007_s13278_021_00727_1 crossref_primary_10_1177_00220221221130978 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2023_994508 crossref_primary_10_1080_14613808_2025_2484194 crossref_primary_10_1111_ajsp_70010 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_socscimed_2018_05_049 crossref_primary_10_1177_00220221221138907 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_dr_2024_101169 crossref_primary_10_1080_02650487_2025_2477405 crossref_primary_10_1177_01461672211070360 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11757_020_00638_5 crossref_primary_10_1080_10463283_2024_2367894 crossref_primary_10_1177_1088868317734080 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2018_01080 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2025_1659368 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10648_021_09616_7 crossref_primary_10_1057_s41267_018_0185_1 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jenvp_2024_102498 crossref_primary_10_1177_21582440251342274 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijintrel_2025_102200 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_paid_2016_09_039 crossref_primary_10_1177_1069031X241262728 crossref_primary_10_1177_17456916231208367 crossref_primary_10_22402_j_rdipycs_unam_e_8_2_2022_479 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_metip_2025_100189 crossref_primary_10_1108_CCSM_11_2016_0197 crossref_primary_10_3389_frsps_2024_1425868 crossref_primary_10_1177_17456916231178555 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jsp_2022_05_002 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2021_564011 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_chc_2016_12_003 crossref_primary_10_1055_a_2289_5790 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpos_2024_1412477 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_copsyc_2017_07_025 crossref_primary_10_1002_ejsp_2797 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_025_12724_x crossref_primary_10_1177_1363461519879515 crossref_primary_10_1177_00220221251362805 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2025_1527510 crossref_primary_10_1080_21711976_2020_1734399 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijintrel_2025_102233 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2023_1304019 crossref_primary_10_1002_ejsp_2557 crossref_primary_10_1177_02654075211029380 crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_psych_010418_103112 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12888_022_04313_3 crossref_primary_10_1177_02654075221122887 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jesp_2017_08_005 crossref_primary_10_1027_2698_1866_a000020 crossref_primary_10_1177_10888683241263634 crossref_primary_10_1111_jasp_70015 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpos_2024_1473964 crossref_primary_10_1111_spc3_12634 crossref_primary_10_1111_ajsp_12364 crossref_primary_10_1177_1834490921991436 crossref_primary_10_1111_ajsp_12346 crossref_primary_10_1177_08902070211022119 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jenvp_2021_101722 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2019_03057 crossref_primary_10_1002_ijop_12895 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0262001 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10804_020_09355_z crossref_primary_10_24193_cbb_2025_29_5 crossref_primary_10_1525_collabra_265 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2215051121 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jarmac_2020_10_001 crossref_primary_10_1177_0022022118815765 crossref_primary_10_3138_jvme_2022_0064 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10826_017_0703_y crossref_primary_10_1007_s11482_019_09771_8 crossref_primary_10_1080_10508422_2019_1691556 crossref_primary_10_1108_JCP_08_2024_0082 crossref_primary_10_1111_ajsp_12592 crossref_primary_10_1111_ajsp_12594 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_lindif_2024_102522 crossref_primary_10_1002_ejsp_2778 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0295256 crossref_primary_10_1177_1745691617707317 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cognition_2021_104609 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2019_00794 crossref_primary_10_57568_iulresearch_v6i11_699 crossref_primary_10_1007_s41809_021_00091_8 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12144_019_00358_y crossref_primary_10_1177_00220221231183151 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11211_022_00393_4 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12144_018_0096_0 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_021_12125_5 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2022_787591 crossref_primary_10_1177_01461672241273274 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0315276 crossref_primary_10_1177_01461672241295500 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ssmmh_2025_100402 crossref_primary_10_1177_00220221221143320 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0221617 crossref_primary_10_1177_00220221221093811 crossref_primary_10_1145_3616024 crossref_primary_10_1080_00208825_2018_1504475 crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_psych_033020_014116 crossref_primary_10_1080_15298868_2023_2202413 crossref_primary_10_3390_bs15040520 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jenvp_2025_102750 crossref_primary_10_1177_02724316221096082 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0208541 crossref_primary_10_1080_09658211_2018_1515316 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2021_676526 crossref_primary_10_1111_bjso_12871 crossref_primary_10_1163_15691330_12341456 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_chb_2023_108056 crossref_primary_10_1177_10693971211055276 crossref_primary_10_1080_10463283_2025_2494434 crossref_primary_10_1080_15228916_2020_1785657 crossref_primary_10_1111_ajsp_12557 crossref_primary_10_1111_jora_13011 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12124_020_09553_0 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10814_023_09183_1 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2019_01469 crossref_primary_10_1177_07342829221129078 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jenvp_2021_101750 crossref_primary_10_1111_jopy_12803 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2020_570839 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjment_2024_301099 crossref_primary_10_1177_01430343231165269 crossref_primary_10_1080_17439760_2020_1752780 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2020_545526 crossref_primary_10_1177_0022022117738751 crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613231180075 crossref_primary_10_1177_2167696817754004 crossref_primary_10_1093_geront_gnx015 crossref_primary_10_4000_praxematique_6017 crossref_primary_10_1002_job_2512 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12187_023_10074_6 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuropsychologia_2019_107170 crossref_primary_10_1080_13229400_2020_1789493 crossref_primary_10_1177_00220426251380485 crossref_primary_10_1002_casp_70154 crossref_primary_10_1027_1614_0001_a000290 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2019_02689 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2021_618956 crossref_primary_10_1002_ijop_12293 crossref_primary_10_1177_03616843241242711 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2021_574115 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jmse_2024_10_005 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_newideapsych_2018_05_001 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12144_021_01678_8 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_avb_2021_101554 crossref_primary_10_1080_13504630_2021_1989674 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2018_02466 crossref_primary_10_1177_02724316221137951 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_paid_2024_112691 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_copsyc_2023_101610 crossref_primary_10_1080_15298868_2017_1330222 crossref_primary_10_1111_ajsp_12334 crossref_primary_10_1007_s43545_021_00241_3 crossref_primary_10_20473_jsd_v20i1_2025_101_116 crossref_primary_10_1093_geronb_gbz079 crossref_primary_10_1177_01461672231195781 crossref_primary_10_1080_15283488_2023_2231982 crossref_primary_10_1002_jad_12352 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10902_019_00122_w crossref_primary_10_1007_s10902_022_00588_1 crossref_primary_10_1111_jpr_12468 crossref_primary_10_1111_pops_13045 crossref_primary_10_1177_1745691617699971 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12144_025_08386_7 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph20053880 crossref_primary_10_1177_03057356211073475 crossref_primary_10_1177_01461672251359336 crossref_primary_10_1111_ajsp_12580 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jrp_2020_104057 crossref_primary_10_1007_s41809_022_00106_y crossref_primary_10_1080_17439760_2018_1557243 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2021_549955 crossref_primary_10_1002_casp_2632 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10902_024_00768_1 crossref_primary_10_1002_jocb_507 crossref_primary_10_1080_15298868_2023_2200032 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10902_020_00260_6 crossref_primary_10_1002_ejsp_3036 crossref_primary_10_1177_0956797617700622 crossref_primary_10_1177_15291006241277810 crossref_primary_10_1080_08975930_2023_2230366 crossref_primary_10_1177_01650254251337734 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2022_917505 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2018_02680 crossref_primary_10_1111_ajsp_12330 crossref_primary_10_1002_ijop_12386 crossref_primary_10_1111_sode_70000 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijintrel_2022_07_005 crossref_primary_10_1177_10693971231153461 crossref_primary_10_1111_asap_70010 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_copsyc_2019_06_031 crossref_primary_10_1177_01650254231190926 crossref_primary_10_1177_10693971231187470 crossref_primary_10_1108_SCM_11_2020_0578 crossref_primary_10_1177_13634615221111629 crossref_primary_10_1080_17439760_2020_1858332 crossref_primary_10_1007_s41811_024_00214_3 crossref_primary_10_1111_josi_70018 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijresmar_2023_06_005 crossref_primary_10_1177_01461672241309387 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2017_01516 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2018_01043 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_1704831114 crossref_primary_10_1111_jora_70017 crossref_primary_10_1108_BFJ_12_2021_1337 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_paid_2017_04_012 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2023_e15298 crossref_primary_10_1177_13634615241272997 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2020_606354 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2019_02480 crossref_primary_10_1080_10413200_2024_2377970 crossref_primary_10_5465_amr_2020_0396 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2021_627575 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11577_024_00935_5 crossref_primary_10_1177_1069397120979571 crossref_primary_10_3390_bs13010067 crossref_primary_10_1080_10888691_2025_2451837 crossref_primary_10_1108_SAMPJ_04_2020_0137 crossref_primary_10_31828_turkpsikoloji_1656788 crossref_primary_10_1108_CCSM_05_2020_0120 crossref_primary_10_1080_17439760_2025_2519299 crossref_primary_10_1007_s42087_025_00505_x crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ynexs_2025_100071 crossref_primary_10_3390_humans5030018 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11482_018_9636_x crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2018_02262 crossref_primary_10_1177_01650254251327364 crossref_primary_10_1177_08902070241228338 crossref_primary_10_1177_00220221241302087 crossref_primary_10_1177_1745691619895047 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_023_31907_y crossref_primary_10_1016_j_appet_2024_107342 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jrp_2024_104496 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cresp_2025_100232 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40167_018_0074_2 crossref_primary_10_1177_00220221221132833 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_1909909117 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ssaho_2025_101417 crossref_primary_10_1177_1069397117727488 crossref_primary_10_1177_10693971211014468 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jesp_2017_12_009 crossref_primary_10_1002_ejsp_2808 crossref_primary_10_1159_000530493 crossref_primary_10_1017_cri_2020_2 crossref_primary_10_1111_jpr_12399 crossref_primary_10_1111_ajsp_12403 crossref_primary_10_1177_00220221211060458 crossref_primary_10_1177_19485506251345937 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_1817588116 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2019_01375 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12144_018_9826_6 crossref_primary_10_1111_jopy_12514 crossref_primary_10_1177_14705958241235021 crossref_primary_10_1177_18344909221091649 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_infbeh_2025_102114 crossref_primary_10_1177_0022022119863884 crossref_primary_10_1080_00224545_2023_2279536 crossref_primary_10_1108_CCSM_07_2021_0130 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jvb_2021_103631 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11482_017_9583_y crossref_primary_10_1111_1748_8583_12486 crossref_primary_10_1111_josi_12657 crossref_primary_10_1017_S1930297500008810 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved). |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved). |
| DBID | CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 7X8 |
| DOI | 10.1037/xge0000175 |
| DatabaseName | Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitle | MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | MEDLINE - Academic MEDLINE |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: 7X8 name: MEDLINE - Academic url: https://search.proquest.com/medline sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | no_fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Psychology |
| EISSN | 1939-2222 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 27359126 |
| Genre | Journal Article |
| GroupedDBID | --- --Z -DZ -ET -~X .GJ 0R~ 186 29K 354 53G 5GY 5RE 5VS 6TS 7RZ 85S 9M8 AAAHA AAIKC AAMNW AAYOK ABCQX ABDPE ABIVO ABNCP ABPPZ ACGFO ACNCT ACPQG AEHFB AFFNX ALEEW ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AWKKM AZXWR BKOMP CGNQK CGR CS3 CUY CVF D-I ECM EIF EPA F5P FTD HVGLF HZ~ H~9 ISO L7B LPU LW5 MVM NHB NPM O9- OHT OPA OVD P-O P2P PKN PQQKQ PZZ ROL RXW SES SPA TAE TEORI TN5 UBC UHB UHS UPT VQA WH7 XJT XOL XZL YCJ YIF YIN YQT YR5 YYQ YZZ ZCA ZCG ZHY ZPI ZXP 3KI 7X8 ABUFD ABVOZ AFFHD PHGZT |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-a516t-5ad274650b67ee37cb0d67a0c1b4d91143fc0fe06409c7be64e0f74e4eebd9b12 |
| IEDL.DBID | 7X8 |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 363 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000381392400005&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 1939-2222 |
| IngestDate | Sun Nov 09 12:14:08 EST 2025 Wed Feb 19 02:36:57 EST 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | false |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 8 |
| Language | English |
| License | (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved). |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-a516t-5ad274650b67ee37cb0d67a0c1b4d91143fc0fe06409c7be64e0f74e4eebd9b12 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 |
| OpenAccessLink | http://ir.psych.ac.cn/handle/311026/20469 |
| PMID | 27359126 |
| PQID | 1807275802 |
| PQPubID | 23479 |
| ParticipantIDs | proquest_miscellaneous_1807275802 pubmed_primary_27359126 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2016-Aug 20160801 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2016-08-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 08 year: 2016 text: 2016-Aug |
| PublicationDecade | 2010 |
| PublicationPlace | United States |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: United States |
| PublicationTitle | Journal of experimental psychology. General |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | J Exp Psychol Gen |
| PublicationYear | 2016 |
| SSID | ssj0000386 |
| Score | 2.6352124 |
| Snippet | Markus and Kitayama's (1991) theory of independent and interdependent self-construals had a major influence on social, personality, and developmental... |
| SourceID | proquest pubmed |
| SourceType | Aggregation Database Index Database |
| StartPage | 966 |
| SubjectTerms | Adolescent Cross-Cultural Comparison Culture Female Humans Individuality Male Personality Self Concept Students - psychology Young Adult |
| Title | Beyond the 'east-west' dichotomy: Global variation in cultural models of selfhood |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27359126 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1807275802 |
| Volume | 145 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos000381392400005&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1LSwMxEA5qPXjx_agvIgg9hWZ3s8muFxGxeNBSQaW3sslOpKC71a3F_nsn-7AnQfCytw1hMpn5MpN8HyHnkcCI50WcGQGCCQM-0wluvFBaSMCXaVjqkD3fqX4_Gg7jQV1wK-prlU1MLAN1mhtXI-_ieJhqw4j7l5N35lSjXHe1ltBYJq0AoYzzajVcsIXzoFR6RIwSM8yDfkNPGqju1wuUhW0V_g4tyxTT2_jv5DbJeg0u6VXlDVtkCbJtsvYT4-Y75KF6sUIR9tGOk-1hjiqhQ9Oxe4uVv80vaKUCQGd4iC5XjY4z2vBz0FI4p6C5pQW8WkeJvEueejeP17esVlVgSejJKQuTFE-iCMy0VACBMpqnUiXceFqkGPpEYA234Dp8sVEapABuFa4kgE5j7fl7ZCXLMzggVEtjIyOtxzkIBWkkQm0C4cYJuJW8Tc4ac43Qa10rIskg_yxGC4O1yX5l89GkotcYIaAKY8-Xh3_4-4isIYKR1Y28Y9KyuGfhhKya2XRcfJyW7oDf_uD-GzNbwEI |
| linkProvider | ProQuest |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+%27east-west%27+dichotomy%3A+Global+variation+in+cultural+models+of+selfhood&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+experimental+psychology.+General&rft.au=Vignoles%2C+Vivian+L&rft.au=Owe%2C+Ellinor&rft.au=Becker%2C+Maja&rft.au=Smith%2C+Peter+B&rft.date=2016-08-01&rft.eissn=1939-2222&rft.volume=145&rft.issue=8&rft.spage=966&rft_id=info:doi/10.1037%2Fxge0000175&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27359126&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27359126&rft.externalDocID=27359126 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1939-2222&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1939-2222&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1939-2222&client=summon |