Linked data: a Geographic Perspective
Linked Data opens up structured data from databases to be searched and queried via the web, and a geographic element is increasingly being used to link to those data. This book helps you understand how to organize and describe data that includes geographic content and how to publish it as Linked Dat...
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| Hlavní autoři: | , |
|---|---|
| Médium: | E-kniha Kniha |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Vydáno: |
Boca Raton
CRC Press
2013
Taylor & Francis Taylor & Francis Group |
| Vydání: | 1 |
| Témata: | |
| ISBN: | 1439869952, 9780367866549, 0367866544, 9781439869956 |
| On-line přístup: | Získat plný text |
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- 7.4.5 Step 5: Generate Your Linked Data -- 7.5 Linked Data Generation -- 7.5.1 Plaintext Data Sources -- 7.5.2 Structured Data Sources -- 7.5.3 Relational Database Sources -- 7.5.3.1 Virtuoso -- 7.5.3.2 Triplify -- 7.5.3.3 R2O -- 7.5.3.4 D2R Server -- 7.5.3.5 R2RML -- 7.5.4 Data Sources with APIs -- 7.5.5 Publishing Static RDF/XML Files -- 7.5.6 Publishing as RDFa Embedded in HTML -- 7.5.7 Publishing a Linked Data View on a Relational Database or Triple Store -- 7.6 Describing the Linked Dataset -- 7.6.1 Semantic Sitemaps -- 7.6.2 Vocabulary of Interlinked Datasets -- 7.7 Provenance -- 7.8 Authentication and Trust -- 7.9 Licensing Linked Data -- 7.9.1 Open Linked Data -- 7.9.2 Linked Data Licenses -- 7.9.3 Linked Data Waivers -- 7.10 Software Tools -- 7.11 Testing and Debugging Linked Data -- 7.11.1 Syntactic Correctness -- 7.11.2 Correct URI Dereferencing -- 7.11.3 Content: Semantic Correctness -- 7.11.4 Content: Semantic Completeness -- 7.11.5 Expect the Worst -- 7.12 Summary -- Notes -- Chapter 8 Using Linked Data -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Business Models for Linked Data -- 8.2.1 Subsidy Models -- 8.2.2 Internal Savings -- 8.2.3 Traffic -- 8.2.4 Advertising -- 8.2.5 Certification -- 8.2.6 Affiliation -- 8.2.7 Service Bundles and Aggregation -- 8.2.8 Branding or "Loss Leader" -- 8.2.9 Subscription Access: Climbing the Pay Wall -- 8.2.10 Implementation of Linked Data Business Models -- 8.3 SPARQL -- 8.3.1 SPARQL SELECT -- 8.3.2 Querying Multiple Graphs -- 8.3.3 SPARQL ASK, CONSTRUCT, and DESCRIBE -- 8.3.4 GeoSPARQL -- 8.3.5 Using SPARQL to Validate Data -- 8.4 Linking to External Datasets: Types of Link -- 8.4.1 Correspondence between Classes -- 8.4.2 Correspondence between Instances: Identity -- 8.4.3 Correspondence between Instances: Difference -- 8.4.4 Correspondence between Instances: Other Relationships -- 8.4.5 Encoding Outgoing Links
- 8.4.6 Encoding Incoming Links -- 8.5 Link Design Process -- 8.5.1 Step 1: Specify the Purpose, Scope, and Competency Questions -- 8.5.2 Step 2: Identify Data Sources -- 8.5.3 Step 3: Specify Your RDFS Ontology -- 8.6 Link Discovery and Creation -- 8.6.1 Manual Link Creation -- 8.6.2 Automatic Discovery and Creation -- 8.7 Encoding Context: An Atheist's View of Web Identity -- 8.8 Link Maintenance -- 8.9 Evaluating Link Quality and Avoiding Semantic Spam -- 8.9.1 A Word on Accuracy -- 8.9.2 Semantic Spam -- 8.9.3 Linked Data Quality -- 8.10 Summary -- Notes -- Chapter 9 OWL -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The Nature of OWL -- 9.1.1 Differences between OWL and Object-Oriented Languages -- 9.1.2 Syntaxes -- 9.3 OWL Language Elements -- 9.3.1 Ontology-Level Constructs -- 9.3.2 Classes -- 9.3.3 Individuals -- 9.3.4 Value Constraints -- 9.3.5 Cardinality Constraints -- 9.3.6 Intersection and Union -- 9.3 Properties -- 9.3.7 Equivalent Property -- 9.3.8 Inverse Of -- 9.3.9 Symmetry -- 9.3.10 Transitivity -- 9.3.11 Functional, Inverse Functional, and Key Properties -- 9.3.12 Reflexivity -- 9.3.13 Negative Assertions -- 9.3.14 Property Chains and General Concept Inclusion Axioms -- 9.4 Tools for Authoring -- 9.5 Summary -- Notes -- Chapter 10 Building Geographic Ontologies -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Types of Ontology -- 10.2.1 Domain Ontologies -- 10.2.2 Application Ontologies -- 10.2.3 Top-Level Ontologies or Upper Ontologies -- 10.2.4 Micro-ontologies -- 10.3 Methodologies -- 10.3.1 Scope and Purpose -- 10.3.2 Use Cases and Competency Questions -- 10.3.3 Lexicon -- 10.3.4 Glossary -- 10.3.5 Conceptualization -- 10.4 Building the Topographic Ontology of Merea Maps -- 10.4.1 Scope and Purpose -- 10.4.2 Competency Questions -- 10.4.3 Building a Lexicon and Glossary -- 10.4.4 Describing Classes -- 10.4.4.1 Top-Level Classes
- 10.4.4.2 Developing the Detail: Places -- 10.4.4.3 Developing Patterns -- 10.4.4.4 Use and Purpose -- 10.4.4.5 Other Ontology Design Patterns -- 10.4.4.6 Breaking the Pattern Rules -- 10.4.5 Properties -- 10.4.5.1 Symmetric Properties -- 10.4.5.2 Inverse Properties -- 10.4.5.3 Transitive Properties -- 10.4.5.4 Property Chains -- 10.4.6 Dealing with Vagueness and Imprecision, the Problems of Rough Geography -- 10.4.6.1 Imprecision: When Does a Stream Become a River? -- 10.4.6.2 Uncertain Boundaries: Places and Postcodes -- 10.4.6.3 Working with Insufficient Data -- 10.4.7 Defined Classes -- 10.4.7.1 Necessary and Sufficient Conditions -- 10.4.8 Different Perspectives: Land Cover -- 10.5 Ontology Reuse: Aiding Third-Party Data Integration -- 10.6 Summary -- Notes -- Chapter 11 Linking It All Together -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The Wide Scope of Geographic Information -- 11.3 An Open World -- 11.4 The Simplicity and Complexity of the Semantic Web -- 11.5 The Technologies -- 11.6 Benefits and Business Models -- 11.7 Future Directions -- 11.8 Concluding Thoughts -- Note -- References -- Appendix A: OWL Species -- Note -- Reference -- Appendix B: OWL Constructs: Manchester Syntax and Rabbit -- Index
- Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- About the Authors -- Chapter 1 A Gentle Beginning -- 1.1 What This Book Is About and Who It Is For -- 1.2 Geography and the Semantic Web -- 1.2.1 Geographic Information -- 1.2.2 The Semantic Web -- 1.3 GI in the Semantic Web -- 1.4 Examples -- 1.5 Conventions Used in the Book -- 1.6 Structure of the Book -- 1.7 A Last Thought about How to Read This Book -- Chapter 2 Linked Data and the Semantic Web -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 From a Web of Documents to a Web of Knowledge -- 2.3 Early History and the Development of the Semantic Web -- 2.4 Semantic Web Benefits -- 2.4.1 Data Integration -- 2.4.2 Data Repurposing -- 2.4.3 Data Collection, Classification, and Quality Control -- 2.4.4 Data Publishing and Discovery -- 2.5 How It Works -- 2.6 Recent Trends in the Field -- 2.7 Summing Up and Signposts to the Next Chapter -- Notes -- Chapter 3 Geographic Information -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 What Is Geographic Information? -- 3.3 The Many Forms of GI -- 3.3.1 Geometry -- 3.3.1.1 Raster -- 3.3.1.2 Vector -- 3.3.2 Topology and Mereology -- 3.3.3 Textual Representations -- 3.3.3.1 Description -- 3.3.3.2 Classification -- 3.3.3.3 Direction -- 3.3.3.4 Address -- 3.4 Representations and Uses of GI -- 3.4.1 MAPS -- 3.4.2 Gazetteers -- 3.4.3 Terrain Models and Three Dimensions -- 3.4.4 Digital Feature Models -- 3.5 A Brief History of Geographic Information -- 3.5.1 A Traditional Story: GI and GIS -- 3.5.1.1 Geographic Information Systems -- 3.5.1.2 Standards Develop -- 3.5.1.3 The Web -- 3.5.1.4 Spatial Data Infrastructures -- 3.5.2 GI: A History of the Web and Spatial Coincidence -- 3.5.2.1 Open Government Data -- 3.5.3 The Formal and Informal Together -- 3.6 Summary -- Notes -- Chapter 4 Geographic Information in an Open World -- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Principles -- 4.2.1 Semantic Web -- 4.2.2 Geographic Information -- 4.3 Applying the Semantic Web to GI -- 4.3.1 Example -- 4.3.1.1 Obtain Appropriate Datasets -- 4.3.1.2 Load the Data -- 4.3.1.3 Conduct the Spatial Analysis -- 4.3.1.4 Observations and Discussion -- 4.3.2 Topological Relationships -- 4.4 Important Observations -- 4.5 Summary -- Notes -- Chapter 5 The Resource Description Framework -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 RDF: The Purpose -- 5.3 A Word about Identity -- 5.4 The RDF Data Model -- 5.5 RDF Serialization -- 5.5.1 RDF/XML -- 5.5.2 Turtle -- 5.5.3 N-Triples -- 5.5.4 RDFa -- 5.6 RDFS -- 5.6.1 Concepts and Instances: Instantiation and Hierarchy in RDFS -- 5.6.2 Vocabularies and Ontology -- 5.6.3 RDFS Syntax: Classes and Properties -- 5.6.4 Subproperties, Domain, and Range -- 5.6.5 RDF Containers and Collections -- 5.6.6 RDFS Utility Properties -- 5.7 Popular RDFS Vocabularies -- 5.7.1 Geo RDF -- 5.8 RDF for the Thinking Geographer -- 5.9 Summary -- Notes -- Chapter 6 Organizing GI as Linked Data -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Identity: Designing and Applying Universal Resource Identifiers -- 6.3 Identity: Names -- 6.4 Geometry -- 6.5 Classification -- 6.6 Topology and Mereology -- 6.6.1 Topology -- 6.6.1.1 Region Connection Calculus 8 and OGC Properties -- 6.6.1.2 Non-RCC8 or OGC Topology -- 6.6.2 Mereology -- 6.6.3 Network Topology -- 6.6.3.1 Links and Node Network Model -- 6.7 Summary -- Notes -- Chapter 7 Publishing Linked Data -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Linked Data Principles -- 7.3 Making URIs Dereferenceable or Slash versus Hash -- 7.3.1 Slash or 303 URIs -- 7.3.2 Hash URIs -- 7.3.3 Slash versus Hash -- 7.4 Linked Data Design -- 7.4.1 Step 1: Decide What Your Linked Data Is About -- 7.4.2 Step 2: Look at the Current GI Data -- 7.4.3 Step 3: Specify Your RDFS Ontology -- 7.4.4 Step 4: Mint Your URIs