Field evidence of pore pressure diffusion in clayey soils prone to landsliding

The hydrologic behavior of shallow weathered soils commonly determines the propensity for slope failure. Here we use laboratory data and field data collected by an automated monitoring system to assess the character of pore water pressure responses in a natural clay slope subject to intermittent rai...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface Jg. 115; H. F3
Hauptverfasser:	Berti, Matteo, Simoni, Alessandro
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Washington, DC Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.09.2010 American Geophysical Union
Schlagworte:	Assessments clayey soil Earth sciences Earth, ocean, space Exact sciences and technology Failure hydrologic modeling Hydrology Meters monitoring pore pressure Porosity Pressure sensors shallow slope stability Soils Water pressure water pressure slopes clay rupture amplitude pore pressure Ground surface pore water Diffusion soils calibration clastic rocks Gravity models Transient response rainfall atmospheric precipitation documentation Pressure distribution monitoring sedimentary rocks depth diffusivity prediction transient phenomena saturated zone
ISSN:	0148-0227, 2169-9003, 2156-2202, 2169-9011
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Abstract	The hydrologic behavior of shallow weathered soils commonly determines the propensity for slope failure. Here we use laboratory data and field data collected by an automated monitoring system to assess the character of pore water pressure responses in a natural clay slope subject to intermittent rainfall. Although we did not measure pore pressure distributions that triggered slope failure, we obtained three years of field data that provided reliable and largely reproducible documentation of transient pore pressure responses. At depths of tens of centimeters to a few meters below the ground surface, moisture and pressure sensors recorded relatively fast, transient responses to precipitation. The speeds of pore pressure pulses advancing downward in the saturated zone were much larger than those of advective fronts driven by gravity, and the amplitudes of the pulses attenuated with depth. Statistical assessment of 129 pressure head responses demonstrates that this behavior is consistent with predictions of a linear, one‐dimensional pore pressure diffusion model. However, the model best simulates measurements if diffusivity is treated as a calibration parameter and if initial moisture conditions match model assumptions. For regional assessment of slope stability, the predictive accuracy of the linear‐diffusion model is limited by inherent uncertainties in defining the initial conditions and in assigning the values of hydraulic parameters.
AbstractList	The hydrologic behavior of shallow weathered soils commonly determines the propensity for slope failure. Here we use laboratory data and field data collected by an automated monitoring system to assess the character of pore water pressure responses in a natural clay slope subject to intermittent rainfall. Although we did not measure pore pressure distributions that triggered slope failure, we obtained three years of field data that provided reliable and largely reproducible documentation of transient pore pressure responses. At depths of tens of centimeters to a few meters below the ground surface, moisture and pressure sensors recorded relatively fast, transient responses to precipitation. The speeds of pore pressure pulses advancing downward in the saturated zone were much larger than those of advective fronts driven by gravity, and the amplitudes of the pulses attenuated with depth. Statistical assessment of 129 pressure head responses demonstrates that this behavior is consistent with prediction The hydrologic behavior of shallow weathered soils commonly determines the propensity for slope failure. Here we use laboratory data and field data collected by an automated monitoring system to assess the character of pore water pressure responses in a natural clay slope subject to intermittent rainfall. Although we did not measure pore pressure distributions that triggered slope failure, we obtained three years of field data that provided reliable and largely reproducible documentation of transient pore pressure responses. At depths of tens of centimeters to a few meters below the ground surface, moisture and pressure sensors recorded relatively fast, transient responses to precipitation. The speeds of pore pressure pulses advancing downward in the saturated zone were much larger than those of advective fronts driven by gravity, and the amplitudes of the pulses attenuated with depth. Statistical assessment of 129 pressure head responses demonstrates that this behavior is consistent with predictions of a linear, one‐dimensional pore pressure diffusion model. However, the model best simulates measurements if diffusivity is treated as a calibration parameter and if initial moisture conditions match model assumptions. For regional assessment of slope stability, the predictive accuracy of the linear‐diffusion model is limited by inherent uncertainties in defining the initial conditions and in assigning the values of hydraulic parameters.
Author	Berti, Matteo Simoni, Alessandro
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Matteo surname: Berti fullname: Berti, Matteo email: matteo.berti@unibo.it organization: Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geologico-Ambientali, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy – sequence: 2 givenname: Alessandro surname: Simoni fullname: Simoni, Alessandro organization: Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geologico-Ambientali, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Keywords	water pressure slopes clay rupture amplitude pore pressure Ground surface pore water Diffusion soils calibration clastic rocks Gravity models Transient response rainfall atmospheric precipitation documentation Pressure distribution monitoring sedimentary rocks depth diffusivity prediction transient phenomena saturated zone
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References	Beven, K. (1981), Kinematic subsurface stormflow, Water Resour. Res., 17(5), 1419-1424, doi:10.1029/WR017i005p01419. Neuzil, C. E. (1994), How permeable are clays and shales? Water Resour. Res., 30(2), 145-150, doi:10.1029/93WR02930. Bouwer, H., and R. C. Rice (1976), A slug test method for determining hydraulic conductivity of unconfined aquifers with completely or partially penetrating wells, Water Resour. Res., 12(3), 423-428. Iverson, R. M., and J. J. Major (1987), Rainfall, gound-water flow, and seasonal movement at Minor Creek landslide, northwestern California: Physical interpretation of empirical relations, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 99, 579-594. Crank, J. (1956), The Mathematics of Diffusion, 166 pp., Oxford Univ. Press, London. Freeze, R. A., and J. A. Cherry (1979), Groundwater, 604 pp., Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Haneberg, W. C. (1991), Observation and analysis of pore pressure fluctuations in a thin colluvium landslide complex near Cincinnati, Ohio, Eng. Geol., 31, 159-184. Montgomery, D. R., and W. E. Dietrich (1994), A physically based model for the topographic control on shallow landsliding, Water Resour. Res., 30(4), 1153-1171, doi:10.1029/93WR02979. Stephens, D. B. (1995), Vadose Zone Hydrology, vol. 11, 386 pp., CRC Press, Danvers, Mass. Rosso, R., M. C. Rulli, and G. Vannucchi (2006), A physically based model for the hydrologic control on shallow landsliding, Water Resour. Res., 42, W06410, doi:10.1029/2005WR004369. Richards, L. A. (1931) Capillary conduction of liquids in porous mediums, Physics, 1, 318-333. Harr, R. D. (1977), Water flux in soil and subsoil on a steep forested slope, J. Hydrol., 33, 37-58 Hurley, D. G., and G. Pantelis (1985), Unsaturated and saturated flow through a thin porous layer on a hillslope, Water Resour. Res., 21(6), 821-824, doi:10.1029/WR021i006p00821. Gillham, R. W. (1984), The capillary fringe and its effect on water table response, J. Hydrol., 67, 307-324. Bouwer, H. (1989), The Bouwer and Rice slug test: An update, Ground Water, 27(3), 304-309. Matsushi, Y., and Y. Matsukura (2007), Rainfall threshold for shallow landsliding, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 32, 1308-1322. Jacob, C. E. (1940), On the flow of water in an elastic artesian aquifer, Eos Trans. AGU, 21, 574-586. Iverson, R. M. (2000), Landslide triggering by rain infiltration, Water Resour. Res., 36(7), 1897-1910, doi:10.1029/2000WR900090. McCuen, R. H., Z. Knight, and A. G. Cutter (2006), Evaluation of the Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency Index, J. Hydrol. Eng., 11(6), 597-602. Nash, J. E., and J. V. Sutcliffe (1970), River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I-A discussion of principles, J. Hydrol., 10(3), 282-290. Beven, K., and P. Germann (1982), Macropores and water flow in soils, Water Resour. Res., 18(5), 1311-1325, doi:10.1029/WR018i005p01311. Rahardjo, H., T. T. Lee, E. C. Leong, and R. B. Rezaur (2005), Response of a residual soil slope to rainfall, Can. Geotech. J., 42, 340-351. Simoni, A., M. Berti, M. Generali, C. Elmi, and M. Ghirotti (2004), Preliminary results from pore pressure monitoring on an unstable clay slope, Eng. Geol., 73, 117-128. Dhakal, A. S., and R. C. Sidle (2004), Distributed simulations of landslides for different rainfall conditions, Hydrol. Processes, 18, 757-776. Reynolds, W. D., and D. E. Elrick (1985), In situ measurement of field-saturated hydraulic conductivity, sorptivity, and the α-parameter using the Guelph permeameter, Soil Sci., 140(4), 292-302. Kenney, T. C., and K. C. Lau (1984), Temporal changes of groundwater pressure in a natural slope of nonfissured clay, Can. Geotech. J., 20, 138-146. Schwank, M., T. R. Green, C. Matzler, H. Benedickter, and H. Fluhler (2006), Laboratory characterization of a commercial capacitance sensor for estimating permittivity and inferring soil water content, Vadose Zone J., 5, 1048-1064. Reid, M. E. (1994), A pore pressure diffusion model for estimating landslide-inducing rainfall, J. Geol., 102, 709-717. Tsai, T. L., and J. C. Yang (2006), Modeling of rainfall-triggered shallow landslide, Environ. Geol., 50(4), 525-534. 1987; 99 1984; 20 1982; 18 2006; 50 2006; 11 1991; 31 1984; 67 1995; 11 1995; 10 1998 2008 1970; 10 2005; 42 2006; 5 2002 1996; 247 1989; 27 2007; 32 1985; 21 1985; 140 1979 1956 1994; 102 2006; 42 2004; 73 1976; 12 2004; 18 2000; 36 1940; 21 1977; 33 1981; 17 1999; 335 1994; 30 1931; 1 Crank J. (e_1_2_10_10_1) 1956 e_1_2_10_24_1 e_1_2_10_21_1 e_1_2_10_22_1 e_1_2_10_20_1 Cruden D. M. (e_1_2_10_11_1) 1996 Stephens D. B. (e_1_2_10_35_1) 1995 e_1_2_10_2_1 e_1_2_10_4_1 e_1_2_10_18_1 e_1_2_10_3_1 e_1_2_10_19_1 e_1_2_10_6_1 e_1_2_10_16_1 e_1_2_10_5_1 e_1_2_10_17_1 e_1_2_10_8_1 e_1_2_10_14_1 e_1_2_10_7_1 e_1_2_10_15_1 e_1_2_10_36_1 e_1_2_10_12_1 e_1_2_10_9_1 e_1_2_10_13_1 e_1_2_10_34_1 e_1_2_10_33_1 e_1_2_10_32_1 e_1_2_10_31_1 e_1_2_10_30_1 Pini G. A. (e_1_2_10_27_1) 1999 McCuen R. H. (e_1_2_10_23_1) 2006; 11 e_1_2_10_29_1 e_1_2_10_28_1 e_1_2_10_25_1 e_1_2_10_26_1
References_xml	– reference: Hurley, D. G., and G. Pantelis (1985), Unsaturated and saturated flow through a thin porous layer on a hillslope, Water Resour. Res., 21(6), 821-824, doi:10.1029/WR021i006p00821. – reference: Schwank, M., T. R. Green, C. Matzler, H. Benedickter, and H. Fluhler (2006), Laboratory characterization of a commercial capacitance sensor for estimating permittivity and inferring soil water content, Vadose Zone J., 5, 1048-1064. – reference: Beven, K. (1981), Kinematic subsurface stormflow, Water Resour. Res., 17(5), 1419-1424, doi:10.1029/WR017i005p01419. – reference: Beven, K., and P. Germann (1982), Macropores and water flow in soils, Water Resour. Res., 18(5), 1311-1325, doi:10.1029/WR018i005p01311. – reference: Reid, M. E. (1994), A pore pressure diffusion model for estimating landslide-inducing rainfall, J. Geol., 102, 709-717. – reference: Bouwer, H., and R. C. Rice (1976), A slug test method for determining hydraulic conductivity of unconfined aquifers with completely or partially penetrating wells, Water Resour. Res., 12(3), 423-428. – reference: Freeze, R. A., and J. A. Cherry (1979), Groundwater, 604 pp., Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J. – reference: Jacob, C. E. (1940), On the flow of water in an elastic artesian aquifer, Eos Trans. AGU, 21, 574-586. – reference: Gillham, R. W. (1984), The capillary fringe and its effect on water table response, J. Hydrol., 67, 307-324. – reference: McCuen, R. H., Z. Knight, and A. G. Cutter (2006), Evaluation of the Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency Index, J. Hydrol. Eng., 11(6), 597-602. – reference: Haneberg, W. C. (1991), Observation and analysis of pore pressure fluctuations in a thin colluvium landslide complex near Cincinnati, Ohio, Eng. Geol., 31, 159-184. – reference: Kenney, T. C., and K. C. Lau (1984), Temporal changes of groundwater pressure in a natural slope of nonfissured clay, Can. Geotech. J., 20, 138-146. – reference: Neuzil, C. E. (1994), How permeable are clays and shales? Water Resour. Res., 30(2), 145-150, doi:10.1029/93WR02930. – reference: Harr, R. D. (1977), Water flux in soil and subsoil on a steep forested slope, J. Hydrol., 33, 37-58 – reference: Reynolds, W. D., and D. E. Elrick (1985), In situ measurement of field-saturated hydraulic conductivity, sorptivity, and the α-parameter using the Guelph permeameter, Soil Sci., 140(4), 292-302. – reference: Montgomery, D. R., and W. E. Dietrich (1994), A physically based model for the topographic control on shallow landsliding, Water Resour. Res., 30(4), 1153-1171, doi:10.1029/93WR02979. – reference: Simoni, A., M. Berti, M. Generali, C. Elmi, and M. Ghirotti (2004), Preliminary results from pore pressure monitoring on an unstable clay slope, Eng. Geol., 73, 117-128. – reference: Tsai, T. L., and J. C. Yang (2006), Modeling of rainfall-triggered shallow landslide, Environ. Geol., 50(4), 525-534. – reference: Rahardjo, H., T. T. Lee, E. C. Leong, and R. B. Rezaur (2005), Response of a residual soil slope to rainfall, Can. Geotech. J., 42, 340-351. – reference: Bouwer, H. (1989), The Bouwer and Rice slug test: An update, Ground Water, 27(3), 304-309. – reference: Stephens, D. B. (1995), Vadose Zone Hydrology, vol. 11, 386 pp., CRC Press, Danvers, Mass. – reference: Rosso, R., M. C. Rulli, and G. Vannucchi (2006), A physically based model for the hydrologic control on shallow landsliding, Water Resour. Res., 42, W06410, doi:10.1029/2005WR004369. – reference: Nash, J. E., and J. V. Sutcliffe (1970), River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I-A discussion of principles, J. Hydrol., 10(3), 282-290. – reference: Matsushi, Y., and Y. Matsukura (2007), Rainfall threshold for shallow landsliding, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 32, 1308-1322. – reference: Iverson, R. M., and J. J. Major (1987), Rainfall, gound-water flow, and seasonal movement at Minor Creek landslide, northwestern California: Physical interpretation of empirical relations, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 99, 579-594. – reference: Richards, L. A. (1931) Capillary conduction of liquids in porous mediums, Physics, 1, 318-333. – reference: Crank, J. (1956), The Mathematics of Diffusion, 166 pp., Oxford Univ. Press, London. – reference: Iverson, R. M. (2000), Landslide triggering by rain infiltration, Water Resour. Res., 36(7), 1897-1910, doi:10.1029/2000WR900090. – reference: Dhakal, A. S., and R. C. Sidle (2004), Distributed simulations of landslides for different rainfall conditions, Hydrol. 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Snippet	The hydrologic behavior of shallow weathered soils commonly determines the propensity for slope failure. Here we use laboratory data and field data collected...
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SubjectTerms	Assessments clayey soil Earth sciences Earth, ocean, space Exact sciences and technology Failure hydrologic modeling Hydrology Meters monitoring pore pressure Porosity Pressure sensors shallow slope stability Soils Water pressure
Title	Field evidence of pore pressure diffusion in clayey soils prone to landsliding
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