Frozen soil degradation and its effects on surface hydrology in the northern Tibetan Plateau

Frozen soil was simulated at six seasonally frozen and seven permafrost stations over the northern Tibetan Plateau using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model for the period of 1962–2009. The VIC model resolved the seasonal cycle and temporal evolution of the observed soil temperatures and...

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Vydané v:	Journal of geophysical research. Atmospheres Ročník 120; číslo 16; s. 8276 - 8298
Hlavní autori:	Cuo, Lan, Zhang, Yongxin, Bohn, Theodore J., Zhao, Lin, Li, Jialuo, Liu, Qiming, Zhou, Bingrong
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	Washington Blackwell Publishing Ltd 27.08.2015
Predmet:	Air temperature Base flow climate change Conduction heating Conductive heat transfer Daily temperatures Degradation Environmental degradation Evapotranspiration Frozen ground frozen soil degradation Frozen soils Geophysics Heat conduction Hydrologic processes hydrological modeling Hydrology Ice Ice melting Infiltration capacity Liquids Long-term changes Moisture content Permafrost Plateaus Precipitation Precipitation effects Seasonal variation Soil Soil (material) Soil degradation Soil layers Soil moisture Soil temperature Soil temperature effects Stations surface hydrology Temperature effects the Tibetan Plateau Trends Tibetan Plateau China, People's Rep., Xizang, Tibetan Plateau
ISSN:	2169-897X, 2169-8996
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Abstract	Frozen soil was simulated at six seasonally frozen and seven permafrost stations over the northern Tibetan Plateau using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model for the period of 1962–2009. The VIC model resolved the seasonal cycle and temporal evolution of the observed soil temperatures and liquid soil moisture well. The simulated long‐term changes during 1962–2009 indicated mostly positive trends for both soil temperature and soil moisture, and negative trends for soil ice content at annual and monthly time scales, although differences existed among the stations, soil layers, and seasons. Increases in soil temperature were due mainly to increases in daily air temperature maxima and internal soil heat conduction, while decreases in soil ice content were related to the warming of frozen soil. For liquid soil moisture, increases in the cold months can be attributed to increases in soil temperature and enhanced soil ice melt while changes in the warm months were the results of competition between positive precipitation and negative soil temperature effects. Precipitation and liquid soil moisture were strongly correlated with evapotranspiration and runoff but had various degrees of correlations with base flow during May–September. Seasonally frozen stations displayed longer and more active hydrological processes than permafrost stations. Slight enhancement of the surface hydrological processes at the study stations was indicated, due to the combined effects of precipitation changes, which were dominant, and frozen soil degradation. Key Points Frozen soil is warming in the northern Tibetan Plateau Surface hydrology enhancement is dominated by precipitation change Frozen soil degradation plays secondary role in surface hydrology enhancement
AbstractList	Frozen soil was simulated at six seasonally frozen and seven permafrost stations over the northern Tibetan Plateau using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model for the period of 1962–2009. The VIC model resolved the seasonal cycle and temporal evolution of the observed soil temperatures and liquid soil moisture well. The simulated long‐term changes during 1962–2009 indicated mostly positive trends for both soil temperature and soil moisture, and negative trends for soil ice content at annual and monthly time scales, although differences existed among the stations, soil layers, and seasons. Increases in soil temperature were due mainly to increases in daily air temperature maxima and internal soil heat conduction, while decreases in soil ice content were related to the warming of frozen soil. For liquid soil moisture, increases in the cold months can be attributed to increases in soil temperature and enhanced soil ice melt while changes in the warm months were the results of competition between positive precipitation and negative soil temperature effects. Precipitation and liquid soil moisture were strongly correlated with evapotranspiration and runoff but had various degrees of correlations with base flow during May–September. Seasonally frozen stations displayed longer and more active hydrological processes than permafrost stations. Slight enhancement of the surface hydrological processes at the study stations was indicated, due to the combined effects of precipitation changes, which were dominant, and frozen soil degradation. Key Points Frozen soil is warming in the northern Tibetan Plateau Surface hydrology enhancement is dominated by precipitation change Frozen soil degradation plays secondary role in surface hydrology enhancement Frozen soil was simulated at six seasonally frozen and seven permafrost stations over the northern Tibetan Plateau using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model for the period of 1962-2009. The VIC model resolved the seasonal cycle and temporal evolution of the observed soil temperatures and liquid soil moisture well. The simulated long-term changes during 1962-2009 indicated mostly positive trends for both soil temperature and soil moisture, and negative trends for soil ice content at annual and monthly time scales, although differences existed among the stations, soil layers, and seasons. Increases in soil temperature were due mainly to increases in daily air temperature maxima and internal soil heat conduction, while decreases in soil ice content were related to the warming of frozen soil. For liquid soil moisture, increases in the cold months can be attributed to increases in soil temperature and enhanced soil ice melt while changes in the warm months were the results of competition between positive precipitation and negative soil temperature effects. Precipitation and liquid soil moisture were strongly correlated with evapotranspiration and runoff but had various degrees of correlations with base flow during May-September. Seasonally frozen stations displayed longer and more active hydrological processes than permafrost stations. Slight enhancement of the surface hydrological processes at the study stations was indicated, due to the combined effects of precipitation changes, which were dominant, and frozen soil degradation. Key Points * Frozen soil is warming in the northern Tibetan Plateau * Surface hydrology enhancement is dominated by precipitation change * Frozen soil degradation plays secondary role in surface hydrology enhancement Frozen soil was simulated at six seasonally frozen and seven permafrost stations over the northern Tibetan Plateau using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model for the period of 1962–2009. The VIC model resolved the seasonal cycle and temporal evolution of the observed soil temperatures and liquid soil moisture well. The simulated long‐term changes during 1962–2009 indicated mostly positive trends for both soil temperature and soil moisture, and negative trends for soil ice content at annual and monthly time scales, although differences existed among the stations, soil layers, and seasons. Increases in soil temperature were due mainly to increases in daily air temperature maxima and internal soil heat conduction, while decreases in soil ice content were related to the warming of frozen soil. For liquid soil moisture, increases in the cold months can be attributed to increases in soil temperature and enhanced soil ice melt while changes in the warm months were the results of competition between positive precipitation and negative soil temperature effects. Precipitation and liquid soil moisture were strongly correlated with evapotranspiration and runoff but had various degrees of correlations with base flow during May–September. Seasonally frozen stations displayed longer and more active hydrological processes than permafrost stations. Slight enhancement of the surface hydrological processes at the study stations was indicated, due to the combined effects of precipitation changes, which were dominant, and frozen soil degradation. Frozen soil is warming in the northern Tibetan Plateau Surface hydrology enhancement is dominated by precipitation change Frozen soil degradation plays secondary role in surface hydrology enhancement
Author	Liu, Qiming Zhou, Bingrong Li, Jialuo Cuo, Lan Bohn, Theodore J. Zhao, Lin Zhang, Yongxin
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Lan surname: Cuo fullname: Cuo, Lan email: lancuo@itpcas.ac.cn organization: Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China – sequence: 2 givenname: Yongxin surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Yongxin organization: Research Applications Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Colorado, Boulder, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Theodore J. surname: Bohn fullname: Bohn, Theodore J. organization: School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Arizona, Tempe, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Lin surname: Zhao fullname: Zhao, Lin organization: Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China – sequence: 5 givenname: Jialuo surname: Li fullname: Li, Jialuo organization: Qinghai Meteorological Bureau, Xining, China – sequence: 6 givenname: Qiming surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Qiming organization: Haiyan Hydrological Station, Qinghai Hydrology and Water Resources Survey, Haiyan, China – sequence: 7 givenname: Bingrong surname: Zhou fullname: Zhou, Bingrong organization: Qinghai Meteorological Bureau, Xining, China
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(e_1_2_7_42_1) 1943 e_1_2_7_73_1 e_1_2_7_50_1 e_1_2_7_71_1 e_1_2_7_25_1 e_1_2_7_31_1 e_1_2_7_52_1 e_1_2_7_23_1 e_1_2_7_33_1 e_1_2_7_54_1 e_1_2_7_21_1 e_1_2_7_35_1 e_1_2_7_56_1 e_1_2_7_37_1 e_1_2_7_58_1 e_1_2_7_39_1 e_1_2_7_6_1 e_1_2_7_4_1 Zhang T. (e_1_2_7_69_1) 2003 e_1_2_7_8_1 e_1_2_7_18_1 e_1_2_7_16_1 e_1_2_7_40_1 e_1_2_7_61_1 e_1_2_7_2_1 e_1_2_7_14_1 e_1_2_7_63_1 e_1_2_7_12_1 e_1_2_7_44_1 e_1_2_7_65_1 e_1_2_7_10_1 e_1_2_7_46_1 e_1_2_7_67_1 e_1_2_7_48_1 e_1_2_7_27_1 e_1_2_7_29_1 e_1_2_7_72_1 e_1_2_7_51_1 e_1_2_7_70_1 e_1_2_7_30_1 e_1_2_7_53_1 e_1_2_7_24_1 e_1_2_7_32_1 e_1_2_7_55_1 e_1_2_7_22_1 e_1_2_7_34_1 e_1_2_7_57_1 e_1_2_7_20_1 e_1_2_7_36_1 e_1_2_7_59_1 e_1_2_7_38_1
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Snippet	Frozen soil was simulated at six seasonally frozen and seven permafrost stations over the northern Tibetan Plateau using the Variable Infiltration Capacity...
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SubjectTerms	Air temperature Base flow climate change Conduction heating Conductive heat transfer Daily temperatures Degradation Environmental degradation Evapotranspiration Frozen ground frozen soil degradation Frozen soils Geophysics Heat conduction Hydrologic processes hydrological modeling Hydrology Ice Ice melting Infiltration capacity Liquids Long-term changes Moisture content Permafrost Plateaus Precipitation Precipitation effects Seasonal variation Soil Soil (material) Soil degradation Soil layers Soil moisture Soil temperature Soil temperature effects Stations surface hydrology Temperature effects the Tibetan Plateau Trends
Title	Frozen soil degradation and its effects on surface hydrology in the northern Tibetan Plateau
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