Ecosystems of California
This long-anticipated reference and sourcebook for California's remarkable ecological abundance provides an integrated assessment of each major ecosystem type-its distribution, structure, function, and management. A comprehensive synthesis of our knowledge about this biologically diverse state,...
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| Hauptverfasser: | , |
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| Format: | E-Book |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
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Berkeley
University of California Press
2016
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| Ausgabe: | 1 |
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| ISBN: | 0520278801, 9780520962170, 0520962176, 9780520278806 |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
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Inhaltsangabe:
- Ecosystems of California -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface and Acknowledgments -- Marine and Terrestrial Maps of California -- 1. Introduction -- Part One: Drivers -- 2. Climate -- 3. Fire as an Ecosystem Process -- 4. Geomorphology and Soils -- 5. Population and Land Use -- 6. Oceanography -- 7. Atmospheric Chemistry -- Part Two: History -- 8. Ecosystems Past: Vegetation Prehistory -- 9. Paleovertebrate Communities -- 10. Indigenous California -- Part Three: Biota -- 11. Biodiversity -- 12. Vegetation -- 13. Biological Invasions -- 14. Climate Change Impacts -- 15. Introduction to Concepts of Biodiversity, Ecosystem Functioning, Ecosystem Services, and Natural Capital -- Part Four: Ecosystems -- 16. The Offshore Ecosystem -- 17. Shallow Rocky Reefs and Kelp Forests -- 18. Intertidal -- 19. Estuaries: Life on the Edge -- 20. Sandy Beaches -- 21. Coastal Dunes -- 22. Coastal Sage Scrub -- 23. Grasslands -- 24. Chaparral -- 25. Oak Woodlands -- 26. Coast Redwood Forests -- 27. Montane Forests -- 28. Subalpine Forest -- 29. Alpine Ecosystems -- 30. Deserts -- 31. Wetlands -- 32. Lakes -- 33. Rivers -- Part Five: Managed Systems -- 34. Managed Island Ecosystems -- 35. Marine Fisheries -- 36. Forestry -- 37. Range Ecosystems -- 38. Agriculture -- 39. Urban Ecosystems -- Part Six: Policy and Stewardship -- 40. Land Use Regulation for Resource Conservation -- 41. Stewardship, Conservation, and Restoration in the Context of Environmental Change -- Index.
- Front Matter Table of Contents CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL MAPS OF CALIFORNIA ONE: Introduction TWO: Climate THREE: Fire as an Ecosystem Process FOUR: Geomorphology and Soils FIVE: Population and Land Use SIX: Oceanography SEVEN: Atmospheric Chemistry EIGHT: Ecosystems Past: NINE: Paleovertebrate Communities TEN: Indigenous California ELEVEN: Biodiversity TWELVE: Vegetation THIRTEEN: Biological Invasions FOURTEEN: Climate Change Impacts FIFTEEN: Introduction to Concepts of Biodiversity, Ecosystem Functioning, Ecosystem Services, and Natural Capital SIXTEEN: The Offshore Ecosystem SEVENTEEN: Shallow Rocky Reefs and Kelp Forests EIGHTEEN: Intertidal NINETEEN: Estuaries: TWENTY: Sandy Beaches TWENTY-ONE: Coastal Dunes TWENTY-TWO: Coastal Sage Scrub TWENTY-THREE: Grasslands TWENTY-FOUR: Chaparral TWENTY-FIVE: Oak Woodlands TWENTY-SIX: Coast Redwood Forests TWENTY-SEVEN: Montane Forests TWENTY-EIGHT: Subalpine Forests TWENTY-NINE: Alpine Ecosystems THIRTY: Deserts THIRTY-ONE: Wetlands THIRTY-TWO: Lakes THIRTY-THREE: Rivers THIRTY-FOUR: Managed Island Ecosystems THIRTY-FIVE: Marine Fisheries THIRTY-SIX: Forestry THIRTY-SEVEN: Range Ecosystems THIRTY-EIGHT: Agriculture THIRTY-NINE: Urban Ecosystems FORTY: Land Use Regulation for Resource Conservation FORTY-ONE: Stewardship, Conservation, and Restoration in the Context of Environmental Change INDEX
- Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL MAPS OF CALIFORNIA -- 1 Introduction -- The Need for This Book -- The Early Development of Ecology in California: A Different Path Taken -- Emergent Patterns -- Structure of the Book -- Recommended Reading -- References -- PART ONE. DRIVERS -- 2 Climate -- The Nature of the California Climate -- General Climate Features -- Warm Season -- Cool Season -- Atmospheric Rivers -- Ocean Influence -- El Niño and La Niña -- The Wide Range of Climates in California -- Spatial Variability of Temperature -- Seasonal and Diurnal Temperature Variation -- Spatial Variability of Precipitation -- Interannual Variability of Precipitation -- Spatial Variation of Incoming Surface Solar Radiation -- Regional Features -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 3 Fire as an Ecosystem Process -- Introduction -- Fire Intensity or Severity -- Fire in a Historical Context -- Landscape Patterns of Burning -- Fire Departure Index -- Postfire Recovery of Plant Communities -- Fire Effects on Soils, Hydrology, and Carbon Storage -- Fire in Social Context -- Fire Management -- Global Changes -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 4 Geomorphology and Soils -- Overview of Geologic Processes -- Sierra Nevada -- The Central Valley -- Coast Ranges -- Klamath Mountains -- Cascade Range -- Modoc Plateau -- Basin and Range Province -- Transverse and Peninsular Ranges -- Coastal California -- Summary -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 5 Population and Land Use -- Introduction -- The Relationships between Population and Land Use -- Population -- Land Use -- Conclusion -- Summary -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 6 Oceanography -- Introduction -- Atmospheric Forcing -- Oceanic Response
- Dune Formation and Shape -- Physical Conditions for Organisms -- Macroorganisms -- Population and Evolutionary Ecology -- Ecosystem Services -- Effects of Humans -- Management Strategies -- Future Scenarios -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 22 Coastal Sage Scrub -- Introduction -- Key Community Interactions -- Variation of the System in Time and Space -- Human Impacts from the Postcolonial Era to Present -- Management and Restoration -- Future Scenarios -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 23 Grasslands -- Introduction -- Primary Factors Controlling the Distribution of California's Grasslands -- Interacting Factors: Transition of California's Grasslands to a Non-Native-Dominated State -- Ecosystem Functioning -- Ecology and Management of Ecosystem Services -- Impacts of Humans on Grasslands -- Management under Future Conditions -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 24 Chaparral -- Introduction -- Geography of Chaparral -- Origins -- Principal Organisms Found in Chaparral -- Life Histories and Wildfire -- Physiology of Chaparral Shrubs -- Chaparral in the Long Absence of Fire -- Biogeochemical and Hydrological Dynamics -- The Future of Chaparral -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 25 Oak Woodlands -- Introduction -- Distribution -- Oak Woodland Climate -- Biodiversity and Characteristic Species -- Ecosystem Structure and Processes -- Disturbance and Ecosystem Resilience -- Land Use Conversion and Ecosystem Fragmentation -- Ecosystem Services -- Scenarios of Oak Woodlands in the Mid-twentieth Century -- Research Needs and Priorities -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 26 Coast Redwood Forests -- Introduction
- Future Changes in the California Current System -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 7 Atmospheric Chemistry -- Introduction -- Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Air Quality: An Overview -- Statewide Atmospheric Circulation Patterns and Their Implications for Air Pollution Transport -- Ozone Distribution in Space and Time -- Biological Effects of Ozone -- Nitrogen Air Pollution and Atmospheric Deposition: Forms and Spatial Trends -- Ecological Effects of Nitrogen Deposition -- Other Pollutants -- Dust, Aerosols, and Black Carbon -- Fire Effects on Air Quality -- Interactive Effects of Air Pollution and Climate Change and Projections for the Future -- Human Health Effects of Key Pollutants -- Conservation, Adaptation, and Mitigation -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- PART TWO. HISTORY -- 8 Ecosystems Past: Vegetation Prehistory -- Introduction -- Reconstructing the Past: Methods of Historical Ecology -- Misty Origins: Mesozoic Ecosystems (252-66 Ma) -- Recognizable Taxa with Nonanalog Associations: Paleogene and Neogene (66-2.6 Ma) -- The Ice Age Rollercoaster: Quaternary Environments (< -- 2.6 Ma) -- Zooming In: Retreat from the last Ice Age (~20 ka to present) -- Lessons from the Past for the Future -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 9 Paleovertebrate Communities -- Introduction -- Fossil History of Mammals -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 10 Indigenous California -- Introduction -- History of Research -- The Peopling of California: A Framework -- Alternate Views on Indigenous Ecology -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- References -- PART THREE. BIOTA -- 11 Biodiversity -- Introduction -- Flora -- Invertebrates -- Reptiles and Amphibians
- Physiographic Setting
- PART FOUR. ECOSYSTEMS -- 16 The Offshore Ecosystem -- Introduction -- Offshore Ecosystems and Food Webs of the California Current System -- Ecosystem Services, Threats, and Management Structure in the Offshore California Current -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 17 Shallow Rocky Reefs and Kelp Forests -- Introduction -- Geographic Distribution of Kelp Forests -- Trophic Structure and Functional Attributes of Kelp Forest Ecosystems -- Determinants of Community Structure -- Disturbance, Forest Dynamics, and Shifts in Community Structure -- Kelp Forest Ecosystem Services -- Human Impacts to Kelp Forests and Management Responses -- Invasive Species -- Ecosystem-based Management and Marine Protected Areas -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 18 Intertidal -- Introduction -- Significance and History of Rocky Intertidal Research -- The California Coast -- Organisms of California's Rocky Intertidal Ecosystems -- Benthic-Pelagic Coupling -- Intertidal Ecology -- Human Impacts -- Climate Change -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 19 Estuaries: Life on the Edge -- Introduction -- Complex Patterns of Ecosystem Variability -- Biota and Their Roles in the Ecosystem -- The Human Dimension -- A Long View of California's Estuaries -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 20 Sandy Beaches -- Introduction -- Geomorphic Properties and Characteristics -- Beach Profiles and Features -- Key Drivers, Processes, and Patterns -- Ecosystem Attributes and Food Webs -- Ecosystem Functions -- Human Impacts and Influences -- Conservation and Restoration Strategies -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 21 Coastal Dunes -- Introduction -- Geography
- Birds -- Mammals -- Conservation Context -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 12 Vegetation -- Introduction -- Climatic and Environmental Gradients -- Vegetation Classification -- Summary of Major Vegetation Types -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 13 Biological Invasions -- Introduction -- Invasion Ecology -- California's Invasion History -- Ecological and Anthropogenic Drivers of Invasions in California -- Degree of Invasion in California's Ecosystems -- Impacts of Invasive Species in California -- Invader Management: Challenges and Success Stories -- The Future of Biological Invasions in California -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 14 Climate Change Impacts -- Introduction -- Climate Change in California -- Climate Change in a Multistressor Context -- Observed Impacts of Climate Change to Date -- Impacts of Future Climate Changes -- The Velocity of Climate Change -- Species Ranges -- Biome Boundaries/Species Ranges -- Interacting Factors: Climate Change as a Threat Multiplier -- Biotic Interactions -- Invasive Species -- Biodiversity -- Managing California Ecosystems in the Changing Future -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 15 Introduction to Concepts of Biodiversity, Ecosystem Functioning, Ecosystem Services, and Natural Capital -- Introduction -- Biodiversity: The Variety of Life on Earth -- Ecosystem Functions -- Ecosystem Services -- Examples of Ecosystem Functions and Services in Californian Ecosystems -- Supporting Agricultural Services: Pollination and Pest Control -- Biodiversity, Ecosystem Functioning, and Ecosystem Services in Decision Making -- Conclusion -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References
- Constance I. Millar, Wallace B. Woolfenden --
- TWELVE. Vegetation
- THREE. Fire as an Ecosystem Process
- SEVEN. Atmospheric Chemistry
- TWENTY-SEVEN. Montane Forests
- Stephanie Pincetl, Terry Watt, Maria J. Santos --
- PART ONE. DRIVERS --
- TEN. Indigenous California
- Valerie T. Eviner --
- PART FOUR. ECOSYSTEMS --
- Diane E. Pataki, G. Darrel Jenerette, Stephanie Pincetl, Tara L. E. Trammell, La’Shaye Ervin --
- Erika Zavaleta, Harold Mooney --
- Elsa E. Cleland, Jennifer L. Funk, Edith B. Allen --
- NINETEEN. Estuaries: Life on the Edge
- THIRTEEN. Biological Invasions
- Sam F. Iacobellis, Daniel R. Cayan, John T. Abatzoglou, Harold Mooney --
- Carol A. Blanchette, Mark W. Denny, John M. Engle, Brian Helmuth, Luke P. Miller, Karina J. Nielsen, Jayson Smith --
- FIVE. Population and Land Use
- FORTY. Land Use Regulation for Resource Conservation
- John Melack, S. Geoffrey Schladow --
- MARINE ECOSYSTEMS --
- INDEX
- THIRTY-SEVEN. Range Ecosystems
- Jayne Belnap, Robert H. Webb, Todd C. Esque, Matthew L. Brooks, Lesley A. Defalco, James A. Macmahon --
- Christopher B. Field, Nona R. Chiariello, Noah S. Diffenbaugh --
- Jenifer E. Dugan, David M. Hubbard --
- NINE. Paleovertebrate Communities
- Elizabeth A. Hadly, Robert S. Feranec --
- TWENTY-EIGHT. Subalpine Forests
- TWENTY-NINE. Alpine Ecosystems
- THIRTY-NINE. Urban Ecosystems
- THIRTY-ONE. Wetlands
- Robert C. Graham, A. Toby O’Geen --
- Philip W. Rundel, Constance I. Millar --
- Christopher R. Dolanc, Todd Keeler-Wolf, Michael G. Barbour --
- William Stewart, Benktesh Sharma, Rob York, Lowell Diller, Nadia Swiers, Roger Powell, Robert Swiers --
- PART THREE. BIOTA --
- Mary E. Power, Sarah J. Kupferberg, Scott D. Cooper, Michael L. Deas --
- FOUR. Geomorphology and Soils
- Alex Mccalla, Richard Howitt --
- TWENTY-FIVE. Oak Woodlands
- PART SIX. POLICY AND STEWARDSHIP --
- Erika Zavaleta, Elissa M. Olimpi, Amelia A. Wolf, Bronwen Stanford, Jae R. Pasari, Sarah A. Skikne, Paulo Quadri Barba, Katherine K. Ennis, Flavia C. De Oliveira --
- THIRTY-EIGHT. Agriculture
- Harold Mooney, Todd E. Dawson --
- Walter G. Duffy, Philip Garone, Brenda J. Grewell, Sharon Kahara, Joseph Fleskes, Brent Helm, Peter Moyle, Rosemary Records, Joseph Silveira --
- Constance I. Millar, Philip W. Rundel --
- EIGHTEEN. Intertidal
- Steven J. Bograd, Elliott L. Hazen, Sara M. Maxwell, Andrew W. Leising, Helen Bailey, Richard D. Brodeur --
- V. Thomas Parker, R. Brandon Pratt, Jon E. Keeley --
- Eric P. Bjorkstedt, John C. Field, Milton Love, Laura Rogers-Bennett, Rick Starr --
- Sheri Spiegal, Lynn Huntsinger, Peter Hopkinson, James W. Bartolome --
- SIX. Oceanography
- James E. Cloern, Patrick Barnard L., Erin Beller, John Callaway, J. Letitia Grenier, Edwin D. Grosholz, Robin Grossinger, Kathryn Hieb, James T. Hollibaugh, NoaH Knowles, Martha Sutula, Samuel Veloz, Kerstin Wasson, Alison Whipple --
- TWO. Climate
- TWENTY-SIX. Coast Redwood Forests
- TWENTY. Sandy Beaches
- THIRTY-FIVE. Marine Fisheries
- Kathryn Mceachern, Tanya Atwater, Paul W. Collins, Kate Faulkner, Daniel V. Richards --
- Malcolm North, Brandon Collins, Hugh Safford, Nathan L. Stephenson --
- CONTENTS --
- THIRTY-THREE. Rivers
- FOURTEEN. Climate Change Impacts
- FORTY-ONE. Stewardship, Conservation, and Restoration in the Context of Environmental Change
- Rebecca Chaplin-Kramer, Lisa Mandle, Elizabeth Rauer, Suzanne Langridge --
- TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS --
- THIRTY-TWO. Lakes
- THIRTY-SIX. Forestry
- EIGHT. Ecosystems Past: Vegetation Prehistory
- Mark H. Carr, Daniel C. Reed --
- ELEVEN. Biodiversity
- Terry L. Jones, Kacey Hadick --
- Bernie Tershy, Susan Harrison, Abraham Borker, Barry Sinervo, Tara Cornelisse, Cheng Li, Dena Spatz, Donald Croll, Erika Zavaleta --
- THIRTY. Deserts
- SIXTEEN. The Offshore Ecosystem
- SEVENTEEN. Shallow Rocky Reefs and Kelp Forests
- Peter S. Alagona, Tim Paulson, Andrew B. Esch, Jessica Marter-Kenyon --
- PART FIVE. MANAGED SYSTEMS --
- TWENTY-ONE. Coastal Dunes
- Peter Alpert --
- PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --
- PART TWO. HISTORY --
- TWENTY-THREE. Grasslands
- THIRTY-FOUR. Managed Island Ecosystems
- FIFTEEN. Introduction to Concepts of Biodiversity, Ecosystem Functioning, Ecosystem Services, and Natural Capital
- Frontmatter --
- ONE. Introduction
- Jon E. Keeley, Hugh D. Safford --
- TWENTY-TWO. Coastal Sage Scrub
- Frank W. Davis, Dennis D. Baldocchi, Claudia M. Tyler --
- CONTRIBUTORS --
- TWENTY-FOUR. Chaparral
- Steven J. Bograd, Andrew W. Leising, Elliott L. Hazen --
- Andrzej Bytnerowicz, Mark Fenn, Edith B. Allen, Ricardo Cisneros --
- Adina M. Merenlender, David D. Ackerly, Katherine Suding, M. Rebecca Shaw, Erika Zavaleta --