Potential effects on groundwater quality associated with infiltrating stormwater through dry wells for aquifer recharge
Dry wells (gravity-fed infiltration wells) have frequently been used to recharge aquifers with stormwater, especially in urban areas, as well as manage flood risk and reduce surface water body contamination from stormwater pollutants. However, only limited assessment of their potential adverse impac...
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| Vydané v: | Journal of contaminant hydrology Ročník 246; s. 103964 |
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| Hlavní autori: | , , , , , , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | English |
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Netherlands
Elsevier B.V
01.04.2022
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| ISSN: | 0169-7722, 1873-6009, 1873-6009 |
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| Abstract | Dry wells (gravity-fed infiltration wells) have frequently been used to recharge aquifers with stormwater, especially in urban areas, as well as manage flood risk and reduce surface water body contamination from stormwater pollutants. However, only limited assessment of their potential adverse impacts on groundwater quality exists. Dry well recharge can bypass significant portions of the filtering-capacity of the vadose zone. Stormwater and groundwater monitoring data and analysis of transport of a wide range of historic and current-use stormwater chemicals of concern is lacking. To address these gaps, two dry wells were constructed with vegetated and structural pretreatment features to assess the likelihood of stormwater contaminants reaching the aquifer. We monitored, assessed, and compared the presence of contaminants in stormwater to water quality in the vadose zone and shallow groundwater after it passed through the dry well. The dry wells were installed at a suburban residential and at a suburban commercial site. The selected sites were overlying a regional, unconsolidated, and highly heterogeneous alluvial aquifer system. Stormwater, vadose zone, and groundwater samples were collected during five storms and analyzed for over 200 contaminants of concern. Relatively few contaminants were detected in stormwater, generally at low concentrations. Prior to stormwater entering the dry well, 50–65% of contaminants were removed by vegetated pretreatment. In groundwater, metals such as aluminum and iron were detected at similar concentrations in both upgradient and downgradient wells, suggesting the source of these metals was not dry well effluent. Naturally occurring metals such as chromium and arsenic were not detected in stormwater but were found at elevated concentrations in groundwater. A modeling assessment suggests that the travel time of metals and hydrophobic organic contaminants to the water table at these sites ranges from years to centuries, whereas water soluble pesticides would likely reach the water table within days to months. The modeling assessment also showed that more vulnerable sites with higher fraction of alluvial sands would have much shorter contaminant travel times. However, none of the contaminants assessed reached concentrations that pose a risk to human health across the scenarios considered. No evidence was found, either through direct measurements or vadose zone modeling, that contaminants present in suburban stormwater degraded or would degrade groundwater quality at the studied sites and site conditions. Future work is needed to address emerging contaminants of concern.
•Infiltration of stormwater runoff through dry wells with pretreatment may pose little risk to groundwater quality.•Pretreatment and subsurface clay sequester particles and reduce the concentration of pollutants reaching the aquifer.•Modeling suggests most contaminants take decades to centuries to reach the water table, given sufficient subsurface clay. |
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| AbstractList | Dry wells (gravity-fed infiltration wells) have frequently been used to recharge aquifers with stormwater, especially in urban areas, as well as manage flood risk and reduce surface water body contamination from stormwater pollutants. However, only limited assessment of their potential adverse impacts on groundwater quality exists. Dry well recharge can bypass significant portions of the filtering-capacity of the vadose zone. Stormwater and groundwater monitoring data and analysis of transport of a wide range of historic and current-use stormwater chemicals of concern is lacking. To address these gaps, two dry wells were constructed with vegetated and structural pretreatment features to assess the likelihood of stormwater contaminants reaching the aquifer. We monitored, assessed, and compared the presence of contaminants in stormwater to water quality in the vadose zone and shallow groundwater after it passed through the dry well. The dry wells were installed at a suburban residential and at a suburban commercial site. The selected sites were overlying a regional, unconsolidated, and highly heterogeneous alluvial aquifer system. Stormwater, vadose zone, and groundwater samples were collected during five storms and analyzed for over 200 contaminants of concern. Relatively few contaminants were detected in stormwater, generally at low concentrations. Prior to stormwater entering the dry well, 50–65% of contaminants were removed by vegetated pretreatment. In groundwater, metals such as aluminum and iron were detected at similar concentrations in both upgradient and downgradient wells, suggesting the source of these metals was not dry well effluent. Naturally occurring metals such as chromium and arsenic were not detected in stormwater but were found at elevated concentrations in groundwater. A modeling assessment suggests that the travel time of metals and hydrophobic organic contaminants to the water table at these sites ranges from years to centuries, whereas water soluble pesticides would likely reach the water table within days to months. The modeling assessment also showed that more vulnerable sites with higher fraction of alluvial sands would have much shorter contaminant travel times. However, none of the contaminants assessed reached concentrations that pose a risk to human health across the scenarios considered. No evidence was found, either through direct measurements or vadose zone modeling, that contaminants present in suburban stormwater degraded or would degrade groundwater quality at the studied sites and site conditions. Future work is needed to address emerging contaminants of concern. Dry wells (gravity-fed infiltration wells) have frequently been used to recharge aquifers with stormwater, especially in urban areas, as well as manage flood risk and reduce surface water body contamination from stormwater pollutants. However, only limited assessment of their potential adverse impacts on groundwater quality exists. Dry well recharge can bypass significant portions of the filtering-capacity of the vadose zone. Stormwater and groundwater monitoring data and analysis of transport of a wide range of historic and current-use stormwater chemicals of concern is lacking. To address these gaps, two dry wells were constructed with vegetated and structural pretreatment features to assess the likelihood of stormwater contaminants reaching the aquifer. We monitored, assessed, and compared the presence of contaminants in stormwater to water quality in the vadose zone and shallow groundwater after it passed through the dry well. The dry wells were installed at a suburban residential and at a suburban commercial site. The selected sites were overlying a regional, unconsolidated, and highly heterogeneous alluvial aquifer system. Stormwater, vadose zone, and groundwater samples were collected during five storms and analyzed for over 200 contaminants of concern. Relatively few contaminants were detected in stormwater, generally at low concentrations. Prior to stormwater entering the dry well, 50-65% of contaminants were removed by vegetated pretreatment. In groundwater, metals such as aluminum and iron were detected at similar concentrations in both upgradient and downgradient wells, suggesting the source of these metals was not dry well effluent. Naturally occurring metals such as chromium and arsenic were not detected in stormwater but were found at elevated concentrations in groundwater. A modeling assessment suggests that the travel time of metals and hydrophobic organic contaminants to the water table at these sites ranges from years to centuries, whereas water soluble pesticides would likely reach the water table within days to months. The modeling assessment also showed that more vulnerable sites with higher fraction of alluvial sands would have much shorter contaminant travel times. However, none of the contaminants assessed reached concentrations that pose a risk to human health across the scenarios considered. No evidence was found, either through direct measurements or vadose zone modeling, that contaminants present in suburban stormwater degraded or would degrade groundwater quality at the studied sites and site conditions. Future work is needed to address emerging contaminants of concern.Dry wells (gravity-fed infiltration wells) have frequently been used to recharge aquifers with stormwater, especially in urban areas, as well as manage flood risk and reduce surface water body contamination from stormwater pollutants. However, only limited assessment of their potential adverse impacts on groundwater quality exists. Dry well recharge can bypass significant portions of the filtering-capacity of the vadose zone. Stormwater and groundwater monitoring data and analysis of transport of a wide range of historic and current-use stormwater chemicals of concern is lacking. To address these gaps, two dry wells were constructed with vegetated and structural pretreatment features to assess the likelihood of stormwater contaminants reaching the aquifer. We monitored, assessed, and compared the presence of contaminants in stormwater to water quality in the vadose zone and shallow groundwater after it passed through the dry well. The dry wells were installed at a suburban residential and at a suburban commercial site. The selected sites were overlying a regional, unconsolidated, and highly heterogeneous alluvial aquifer system. Stormwater, vadose zone, and groundwater samples were collected during five storms and analyzed for over 200 contaminants of concern. Relatively few contaminants were detected in stormwater, generally at low concentrations. Prior to stormwater entering the dry well, 50-65% of contaminants were removed by vegetated pretreatment. In groundwater, metals such as aluminum and iron were detected at similar concentrations in both upgradient and downgradient wells, suggesting the source of these metals was not dry well effluent. Naturally occurring metals such as chromium and arsenic were not detected in stormwater but were found at elevated concentrations in groundwater. A modeling assessment suggests that the travel time of metals and hydrophobic organic contaminants to the water table at these sites ranges from years to centuries, whereas water soluble pesticides would likely reach the water table within days to months. The modeling assessment also showed that more vulnerable sites with higher fraction of alluvial sands would have much shorter contaminant travel times. However, none of the contaminants assessed reached concentrations that pose a risk to human health across the scenarios considered. No evidence was found, either through direct measurements or vadose zone modeling, that contaminants present in suburban stormwater degraded or would degrade groundwater quality at the studied sites and site conditions. Future work is needed to address emerging contaminants of concern. Dry wells (gravity-fed infiltration wells) have frequently been used to recharge aquifers with stormwater, especially in urban areas, as well as manage flood risk and reduce surface water body contamination from stormwater pollutants. However, only limited assessment of their potential adverse impacts on groundwater quality exists. Dry well recharge can bypass significant portions of the filtering-capacity of the vadose zone. Stormwater and groundwater monitoring data and analysis of transport of a wide range of historic and current-use stormwater chemicals of concern is lacking. To address these gaps, two dry wells were constructed with vegetated and structural pretreatment features to assess the likelihood of stormwater contaminants reaching the aquifer. We monitored, assessed, and compared the presence of contaminants in stormwater to water quality in the vadose zone and shallow groundwater after it passed through the dry well. The dry wells were installed at a suburban residential and at a suburban commercial site. The selected sites were overlying a regional, unconsolidated, and highly heterogeneous alluvial aquifer system. Stormwater, vadose zone, and groundwater samples were collected during five storms and analyzed for over 200 contaminants of concern. Relatively few contaminants were detected in stormwater, generally at low concentrations. Prior to stormwater entering the dry well, 50–65% of contaminants were removed by vegetated pretreatment. In groundwater, metals such as aluminum and iron were detected at similar concentrations in both upgradient and downgradient wells, suggesting the source of these metals was not dry well effluent. Naturally occurring metals such as chromium and arsenic were not detected in stormwater but were found at elevated concentrations in groundwater. A modeling assessment suggests that the travel time of metals and hydrophobic organic contaminants to the water table at these sites ranges from years to centuries, whereas water soluble pesticides would likely reach the water table within days to months. The modeling assessment also showed that more vulnerable sites with higher fraction of alluvial sands would have much shorter contaminant travel times. However, none of the contaminants assessed reached concentrations that pose a risk to human health across the scenarios considered. No evidence was found, either through direct measurements or vadose zone modeling, that contaminants present in suburban stormwater degraded or would degrade groundwater quality at the studied sites and site conditions. Future work is needed to address emerging contaminants of concern. •Infiltration of stormwater runoff through dry wells with pretreatment may pose little risk to groundwater quality.•Pretreatment and subsurface clay sequester particles and reduce the concentration of pollutants reaching the aquifer.•Modeling suggests most contaminants take decades to centuries to reach the water table, given sufficient subsurface clay. |
| ArticleNumber | 103964 |
| Author | Harter, Thomas Li, Xue Edwards, Emily C. Washburn, Barbara S. Nelson, Connie Fogg, Graham E. Lock, Bennett Bowles, Chris |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Emily C. surname: Edwards fullname: Edwards, Emily C. email: ecledwards@gmail.com organization: Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, UC Davis, United States of America – sequence: 2 givenname: Connie surname: Nelson fullname: Nelson, Connie organization: City of Elk Grove, Elk Grove, CA, United States of America – sequence: 3 givenname: Thomas surname: Harter fullname: Harter, Thomas organization: Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, UC Davis, United States of America – sequence: 4 givenname: Chris surname: Bowles fullname: Bowles, Chris organization: cbec ecoengineering, West Sacramento, CA, United States of America – sequence: 5 givenname: Xue surname: Li fullname: Li, Xue organization: Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China – sequence: 6 givenname: Bennett surname: Lock fullname: Lock, Bennett organization: Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Cal EPA, Sacramento, CA, United States of America – sequence: 7 givenname: Graham E. surname: Fogg fullname: Fogg, Graham E. organization: Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, UC Davis, United States of America – sequence: 8 givenname: Barbara S. surname: Washburn fullname: Washburn, Barbara S. organization: Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Cal EPA, Sacramento, CA, United States of America |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35180606$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jhydrol_2023_129387 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_watres_2025_123159 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jhydrol_2024_132641 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jece_2022_107560 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_matpr_2022_05_366 crossref_primary_10_1002_vzj2_70030 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12665_025_12375_1 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cities_2025_106239 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jhydrol_2023_129151 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11069_025_07281_5 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scitotenv_2023_165779 crossref_primary_10_3390_w16192802 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10653_025_02446_4 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11356_024_33809_6 crossref_primary_10_4236_ojss_2025_157022 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_watres_2024_122485 crossref_primary_10_3390_su17083549 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11356_024_33669_0 |
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| Keywords | Stormwater infiltration Groundwater quality Vadose zone modeling Urban stormwater quality Dry wells Aquifer recharge |
| Language | English |
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| SubjectTerms | alluvial aquifer aluminum Aquifer recharge arsenic chromium Dry wells Environmental Monitoring groundwater Groundwater - chemistry Groundwater quality human health Humans hydrophobicity iron Metals - analysis Pesticides - analysis risk stormwater Stormwater infiltration surface water Urban stormwater quality vadose zone Vadose zone modeling Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis Water Quality water solubility water table Water Wells |
| Title | Potential effects on groundwater quality associated with infiltrating stormwater through dry wells for aquifer recharge |
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