Sustainable Indoor Lighting
Encompassing a thorough survey of the lighting techniques applied to internal illumination characterized by high efficiency, optimized color and architectural integration, a consolidated summary of the latest scientific, technical and architectural research is presented in order to give the reader a...
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| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | eBook |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London
Springer London, Limited
2015
Springer London Springer |
| Edition: | 1 |
| Series: | Green Energy and Technology |
| Subjects: | |
| ISBN: | 9781447166320, 1447166329 |
| ISSN: | 1865-3529, 1865-3537 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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Table of Contents:
- Further Reading -- 9 Lighting Luminaires -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Electrical Components -- 2.1 Sources -- 2.2 Lamp Holders -- 2.3 Supplying Systems -- 2.3.1 Power Supply for Incandescence Lamps -- 2.3.2 Power Supply for Fluorescent Lamps -- 2.3.3 Power Supply for HID Lamps -- 2.3.4 Power Supply for LEDs -- 3 Optical Components -- 3.1 Reflectors -- 3.2 Refracting Elements -- 3.3 Diffusing Elements -- 4 Mechanical Components -- 4.1 Main Device -- 4.2 Thermal Dissipation and Electric Safely -- 4.3 Mounting Accessories -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Further Reading -- Websites -- 10 Building Glasses and Skylights: Optical Characterization -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Natural Illumination -- 2.1 Natural Light Sources -- 2.2 Photometry and Radiometry -- 2.3 Luminous Efficacy -- 3 Daylight Factor -- 4 Glare as Discomfort Parameter -- 4.1 Unified Glare Rating (UGR) -- 4.2 The CIE Daylight Glare Index (DGI) -- 4.3 The British Glare Index System (IES Glare Index) -- 5 Thermal Properties of Glass -- 5.1 Insulating Value (U-Factor) -- 5.2 Solar Factor and Solar Heat Gain Coefficient -- 6 Insulating Windows -- 6.1 Insulating Glasses -- 6.2 Spacers -- 6.3 Gas Fills -- 6.4 Reflecting Coatings -- 6.5 Low-E (Low-Emissivity) Coatings -- 6.6 Stratified Glass -- 6.7 Insulation-Filled Glazing -- 6.8 Smart Windows -- 6.9 Photochromic and Thermochromic Materials -- 6.10 Liquid Crystal Windows -- 6.11 Electrochromic Windows -- 6.12 Gasochromic Windows -- References -- Further Reading -- Websites -- 11 Transport of Light by Optical Fibers and Light Pipes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Guided Propagation -- 2.1 Optical Fibers -- 2.2 Lens Coupling for Optical Fibers -- 2.3 Source Coupling for the Fibers -- 2.4 Optical Fiber Attenuation -- 2.5 Lateral Emission Optical Fibers -- 3 Light Pipes and Light Guides -- 3.1 Light Pipes (Tubes) -- 3.2 Prism Light Guides -- References
- 4 Characteristics of Light Sources -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geometrical Characteristics -- 3 Luminaire -- 4 Photometric Center -- 5 Colorimetric and Photometric Characteristics -- 5.1 Luminous Flux and Intensity -- 6 Spectral Characteristics -- 6.1 Color -- 6.2 Color Temperature -- 6.3 Color Rendering Index -- Further Reading -- 5 Color Rendering of Light Sources -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Color Temperature -- 2.1 Choosing the Right Color Temperature -- 2.2 Color Rendering Index -- 3 Limitations of the Color Rendering Index -- 4 Other Parameters for the Color Rendering -- 4.1 Indices Based on Color Preference -- 4.2 Indices Based on Color Discrimination -- 5 Correlation Between the Color Rendering Index and Color Temperature -- 6 Chromaticity of Light and Visual Perception -- 7 Chromaticity of Light and Circadian Rhythm -- References -- 6 Halogen and Incandescence Lamps -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Lamps for Illumination -- 3 Short Historical Context -- 4 Principles of Light Thermal Emission -- 5 Incandescent Lamps -- 5.1 Filament Bulbs Spectral Output -- 5.2 Main Components and Characteristics -- 5.3 Bulb Blackening and Failure Modes -- 6 Halogen Lamps -- 6.1 The Halogen Cycle -- 6.2 Main Constructive and Spectral Features -- 6.3 Reflector Elements -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Web Sites -- 7 Fluorescent Lamp and Discharge Lamp -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sources Definition -- 3 Fluorescent Lamps -- 4 Sodium Lamps -- 5 White Sodium Lamps -- 6 Mercury Lamps -- 7 Metal Halide Lamps -- Further Reading -- 8 LEDs and Use of White LED for Lighting -- 1 Introduction -- 2 How to Obtain White Light Using LED -- 2.1 Application Advantages and Drawbacks -- 3 Characteristics and Peculiarities---Application Advantages and Drawbacks -- 4 Principal Typologies -- 5 Current and Future LEDs -- 6 Main Applications in Indoor and Outdoor Architectural Light Design -- References
- 5 Collector Tests for the Lighting Device -- 5.1 Collection Efficiency and Image Size -- 5.2 Exposure to UV Rays and Atmospheric Agents -- 6 Lighting Level and Color for Museum Showcases -- 6.1 Fiber Selection and Tests -- 6.2 Illumination Color -- 6.3 Light Illuminance Level -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 15 Physiological and Psychological Effect of Light -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Biological Clock and Circadian Rhythm -- 2.1 Light Perception -- 2.2 Human Visual System -- 2.3 The Discovery of the New ``Third'' Photoreceptor -- 3 The Light in the Treatment of Disorders of the Biological Clock -- 3.1 Light Therapy for Seasonal Affective Disorder -- 3.2 Light Therapy for Jet Lag, Shift Work, and Sustained Attention Tasks -- 4 Light, Human Behavior, and Well-Being -- Reference -- Further Reading -- 16 Lighting Control Strategies and Energy Efficiency Benefits -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Lighting Control Strategies -- 2.1 Manual Switching/Dimming -- 2.2 Time-Based Switching -- 2.3 Presence Detection -- 2.4 Daylight Harvesting -- 2.5 Constant Illuminance -- 2.6 Scene Setting -- 2.7 Visual Appearance Enhancement -- 3 Factors Affecting the Efficacy of the Control Strategy -- 4 Lighting Control System Commissioning -- 5 Lighting Control System Architectures -- 6 Lighting Control System Protocols -- 6.1 Analog Protocol -- 6.1.1 Specific for Lighting Systems -- 6.2 Digital Protocol -- 6.2.1 Communication System and Specific Protocol for Lighting Systems -- 6.2.2 Proprietary Systems and Protocols for Building Automation Systems -- 7 Calculation of the Energy Demand for Lighting: The EN 15193:2007 European Standard -- 7.1 Application Examples -- References -- 17 Renewable Energy Exploitation for Domestic Supply -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Renewable Energy Exploitation for Domestic Supply -- 3 Sun -- 3.1 Spectral Solar Irradiance -- 3.2 Sunlight Collection
- 3.3 Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTC)
- Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Radiometric and Photometric Quantities and Laws -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Radiometry -- 2.1 Radiant Energy, Radiant Flux -- 2.2 Radiant Intensity -- 2.3 Irradiance -- 2.4 Radiance -- 2.5 Spectral Quantities -- 2.5.1 Spectral Radiant Energy -- 2.5.2 Spectral Radiant Flux -- 2.6 Radiant Exitance -- 3 From Radiometry to Photometry: Eye Sensitivity -- 4 Photometry -- 4.1 Luminous Flux and Luminous Energy -- 4.2 Luminous Intensity -- 4.3 Illuminance -- 4.4 Luminance -- 4.5 Other Quantities -- 4.5.1 Luminous Emittance -- 4.6 Luminous Efficacy -- 4.7 Radiometric and Photometric Quantities in Brief -- 5 The Inverse Square Law -- 6 Point Source Approximation -- 7 Lambert's Cosine Law and Lambertian Surface -- Further Reading -- Websites -- 2 Colorimetric Quantities and Laws -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Colorimetry -- 2.1 Trichromatic Vision -- 2.2 The Laws of Color Matching -- 2.3 Tristimulus Theory -- 3 CIE 1931 Color Diagram -- 3.1 Color Attributes -- 3.2 Color Temperature -- 4 Limits of CIE 1931 Color Diagram -- 4.1 CIE 1976 Color Spaces -- 4.1.1 CIELAB -- 4.1.2 CIELUV 1976 -- Further Reading -- Websites -- 3 Photometric and Colorimetric Tests -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Luminous Flux Measurements -- 2.1 Integrating Spheres -- 2.2 Throughput of the Integrating Sphere -- 2.3 Sources Measurement with Integration Sphere -- 2.4 Practical Hints -- 2.5 The Reference Source -- 3 Goniophotometry: Luminous Intensity Measurements -- 3.1 The Coordinate Systems -- 3.2 Measurements on Luminaires -- 4 Luminous Efficiency: Reference Source and Flux Ratio with Luminaire -- 5 Possible Error Sources -- 6 Colorimetric Tests -- 6.1 Spectral Calculations -- 6.2 Tristimulus Method -- 6.3 Spectrophotometric Methods -- 6.4 CRI -- 7 Colorimetric and Photometric Tests on White LEDs -- 7.1 LED Color Dependence on the Temperature -- References -- Website
- Further Reading -- Websites -- 12 Light and Architecture: Innovative and Sustainable Design and Architecture -- 1 Introduction -- 2 3M Administration Offices, Pioltello, Italy -- 3 Renovation of the ``Carlo Biscaretti di Ruffia'' National Automobile Museum, Turin, Italy -- 4 MyZeil, Frankfurt, Germany -- References -- Web Sites -- 13 Daylighting Systems for Sustainable Indoor Lighting -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Characteristics and Functions of Daylighting Systems -- 2.1 Lighting Functions -- 2.2 Thermal Functions -- 2.3 Acoustic Functions -- 2.4 IAQ Functions -- 2.5 Other Functions -- 3 Performance Parameters and Evaluation Criteria -- 3.1 Parameters Considered to Characterize the Performance of Daylighting Systems -- 3.2 Metrics to Describe the Environmental Performances of Daylighting Systems -- 4 Daylighting Systems: The Shading Component -- 4.1 Typologies of Shading Systems -- 4.1.1 Overhang -- 4.1.2 Light Shelf -- 4.1.3 Vertical Fins -- 4.1.4 Combined Shades (Shelves + Fins) -- 4.1.5 Brise--Soleil Systems -- 4.1.6 Blinds -- 4.1.7 Venetian Blinds -- 4.1.8 Transparent Brise--Soleil Systems -- 4.1.9 Photovoltaic Brise--Soleil Systems -- 4.1.10 Micro Sun Shielding Louvers -- 5 Basic and Advanced Approach for the Design of Shading Systems -- References -- Further Reading -- Websites -- 14 Museum Illumination by Sunlight: A Case Study Using PV Cells and Optical Fibers -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sunlight Concentration on Small Surfaces -- 2.1 Concentrating Photovoltaics and Fiber-Coupled Systems -- 2.2 Collector Development for the Museum Lighting Device -- 3 Sun Tracking to Orient the Collectors -- 3.1 Solar Tracking Techniques -- 3.2 Sun Tracking in the Museum Lighting Device -- 4 Optical Device for Interior Museum Lighting -- 4.1 Plastic Components for the Museum Lighting Device -- 4.2 Requirements for Museum Illumination -- 4.3 The Museum Lighting Device