Hydrologic and biotic control of nitrogen export during snowmelt: a combined conservative and reactive tracer approach

1 Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) stored in the snowpack are important sources of N in snow-covered ecosystems, yet we have limited knowledge of their fate during the melt period. Our objective was to quantify the role of hydrologic and biogeochemical processe...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Water resources research Jg. 43; H. 6
Hauptverfasser:	Petrone, K, Buffam, I, Laudon, H
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.06.2007
Schlagworte:	biogeochemical cycles boreal denitrification environmental impact environmental protection forest ecosystems hydrologic cycle hydrologic flow path hydrologic models inorganic nitrogen nitrogen organic nitrogen riparian areas riparian buffers snow snowmelt Snowmelt Runoff Model snowpack soil soil water soil water content soil water retention sorption streams temporal variation water flow watershed hydrology watersheds wetland wetlands Sweden
ISSN:	0043-1397, 1944-7973
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Abstract	1 Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) stored in the snowpack are important sources of N in snow-covered ecosystems, yet we have limited knowledge of their fate during the melt period. Our objective was to quantify the role of hydrologic and biogeochemical processes in regulating stream fluxes of DIN (NO3(-) + NH4(+)) and DON in a forest-dominated and a wetland-dominated catchment during the snowmelt period. We combined isotopic hydrograph separation with concurrent measurements of meltwater DIN and DON to calculate "conservative" N export (hydrologic mixing only) and compared it with "reactive" N export (i.e., observed fluxes that include biogeochemical processes). On balance, N was retained in the catchments during snowmelt because of storage of meltwater N in soils, but our N export comparison revealed N generation (mostly as DON) from the mobilization of dissolved organic matter. In contrast, NO3(-), which was highly enriched in snowpack meltwater, remained below detection in streams, and both catchments were sinks for NO3(-), suggesting that denitrification and/or uptake may be important at the catchment scale. Over the melt period, the forest catchment was a greater total N source because of the convergence of lateral flow and near-stream riparian N sources in surface soils, which elevated stream DON and to a lesser extent NH4(+). In contrast, preferential flow in the wetland catchment tended to dilute DIN in saturated peatland soils and in the stream, whereas DON varied little over time. These findings highlight the importance of hydrologic processes that store meltwater N in catchment soils but at the same time deliver DON from riparian sources to the stream. Further, model results suggest that biotic uptake and/or sorption effectively retain much of the meltwater DIN from the snowpack. Collectively, hydrologic storage and biogeochemical processes act to retain N that is likely important for boreal ecosystem production later in the spring and summer seasons.
AbstractList	Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) stored in the snowpack are important sources of N in snow‐covered ecosystems, yet we have limited knowledge of their fate during the melt period. Our objective was to quantify the role of hydrologic and biogeochemical processes in regulating stream fluxes of DIN (NO3− + NH4+) and DON in a forest‐dominated and a wetland‐dominated catchment during the snowmelt period. We combined isotopic hydrograph separation with concurrent measurements of meltwater DIN and DON to calculate “conservative” N export (hydrologic mixing only) and compared it with “reactive” N export (i.e., observed fluxes that include biogeochemical processes). On balance, N was retained in the catchments during snowmelt because of storage of meltwater N in soils, but our N export comparison revealed N generation (mostly as DON) from the mobilization of dissolved organic matter. In contrast, NO3−, which was highly enriched in snowpack meltwater, remained below detection in streams, and both catchments were sinks for NO3−, suggesting that denitrification and/or uptake may be important at the catchment scale. Over the melt period, the forest catchment was a greater total N source because of the convergence of lateral flow and near‐stream riparian N sources in surface soils, which elevated stream DON and to a lesser extent NH4+. In contrast, preferential flow in the wetland catchment tended to dilute DIN in saturated peatland soils and in the stream, whereas DON varied little over time. These findings highlight the importance of hydrologic processes that store meltwater N in catchment soils but at the same time deliver DON from riparian sources to the stream. Further, model results suggest that biotic uptake and/or sorption effectively retain much of the meltwater DIN from the snowpack. Collectively, hydrologic storage and biogeochemical processes act to retain N that is likely important for boreal ecosystem production later in the spring and summer seasons. 1 Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) stored in the snowpack are important sources of N in snow-covered ecosystems, yet we have limited knowledge of their fate during the melt period. Our objective was to quantify the role of hydrologic and biogeochemical processes in regulating stream fluxes of DIN (NO3(-) + NH4(+)) and DON in a forest-dominated and a wetland-dominated catchment during the snowmelt period. We combined isotopic hydrograph separation with concurrent measurements of meltwater DIN and DON to calculate "conservative" N export (hydrologic mixing only) and compared it with "reactive" N export (i.e., observed fluxes that include biogeochemical processes). On balance, N was retained in the catchments during snowmelt because of storage of meltwater N in soils, but our N export comparison revealed N generation (mostly as DON) from the mobilization of dissolved organic matter. In contrast, NO3(-), which was highly enriched in snowpack meltwater, remained below detection in streams, and both catchments were sinks for NO3(-), suggesting that denitrification and/or uptake may be important at the catchment scale. Over the melt period, the forest catchment was a greater total N source because of the convergence of lateral flow and near-stream riparian N sources in surface soils, which elevated stream DON and to a lesser extent NH4(+). In contrast, preferential flow in the wetland catchment tended to dilute DIN in saturated peatland soils and in the stream, whereas DON varied little over time. These findings highlight the importance of hydrologic processes that store meltwater N in catchment soils but at the same time deliver DON from riparian sources to the stream. Further, model results suggest that biotic uptake and/or sorption effectively retain much of the meltwater DIN from the snowpack. Collectively, hydrologic storage and biogeochemical processes act to retain N that is likely important for boreal ecosystem production later in the spring and summer seasons. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) stored in the snowpack are important sources of N in snow-covered ecosystems, yet we have limited knowledge of their fate during the melt period. Our objective was to quantify the role of hydrologic and biogeochemical processes in regulating stream fluxes of DIN (NO sub(3) super(-) + NH sub(4) super(+)) and DON in a forest-dominated and a wetland-dominated catchment during the snowmelt period. We combined isotopic hydrograph separation with concurrent measurements of meltwater DIN and DON to calculate conservative N export (hydrologic mixing only) and compared it with reactive N export (i.e., observed fluxes that include biogeochemical processes). On balance, N was retained in the catchments during snowmelt because of storage of meltwater N in soils, but our N export comparison revealed N generation (mostly as DON) from the mobilization of dissolved organic matter. In contrast, NO sub(3) super(-), which was highly enriched in snowpack meltwater, remained below detection in streams, and both catchments were sinks for NO sub(3) super(-), suggesting that denitrification and/or uptake may be important at the catchment scale. Over the melt period, the forest catchment was a greater total N source because of the convergence of lateral flow and near-stream riparian N sources in surface soils, which elevated stream DON and to a lesser extent NH sub(4) super(+). In contrast, preferential flow in the wetland catchment tended to dilute DIN in saturated peatland soils and in the stream, whereas DON varied little over time. These findings highlight the importance of hydrologic processes that store meltwater N in catchment soils but at the same time deliver DON from riparian sources to the stream. Further, model results suggest that biotic uptake and/or sorption effectively retain much of the meltwater DIN from the snowpack. Collectively, hydrologic storage and biogeochemical processes act to retain N that is likely important for boreal ecosystem production later in the spring and summer seasons. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) stored in the snowpack are important sources of N in snow‐covered ecosystems, yet we have limited knowledge of their fate during the melt period. Our objective was to quantify the role of hydrologic and biogeochemical processes in regulating stream fluxes of DIN (NO 3 − + NH 4 + ) and DON in a forest‐dominated and a wetland‐dominated catchment during the snowmelt period. We combined isotopic hydrograph separation with concurrent measurements of meltwater DIN and DON to calculate “conservative” N export (hydrologic mixing only) and compared it with “reactive” N export (i.e., observed fluxes that include biogeochemical processes). On balance, N was retained in the catchments during snowmelt because of storage of meltwater N in soils, but our N export comparison revealed N generation (mostly as DON) from the mobilization of dissolved organic matter. In contrast, NO 3 − , which was highly enriched in snowpack meltwater, remained below detection in streams, and both catchments were sinks for NO 3 − , suggesting that denitrification and/or uptake may be important at the catchment scale. Over the melt period, the forest catchment was a greater total N source because of the convergence of lateral flow and near‐stream riparian N sources in surface soils, which elevated stream DON and to a lesser extent NH 4 + . In contrast, preferential flow in the wetland catchment tended to dilute DIN in saturated peatland soils and in the stream, whereas DON varied little over time. These findings highlight the importance of hydrologic processes that store meltwater N in catchment soils but at the same time deliver DON from riparian sources to the stream. Further, model results suggest that biotic uptake and/or sorption effectively retain much of the meltwater DIN from the snowpack. Collectively, hydrologic storage and biogeochemical processes act to retain N that is likely important for boreal ecosystem production later in the spring and summer seasons.
Author	Petrone, Kevin Laudon, Hjalmar Buffam, Ishi
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(1998), Quantifying uncertainty in tracer-based hydrograph separations, Water Resour. Res., 34, 915-919. Boyer, E. W., G. M. Hornberger, K. E. Bencala, and D. M. McKnight (1997), Response characteristics of DOC flushing in an alpine catchment, Hydrol. Processes, 11, 1635-1647. Goodale, C. L., J. D. Aber, and W. H. McDowell (2000), The long-term effects of disturbance on organic and inorganic nitrogen export in the White Mountains, New Hampshire, Ecosystems, 3, 433-450. Hill, A. (1996), Nitrate removal in stream riparian zones, J. Environ. Qual., 25, 743-755. Bishop, K., and C. Pettersson (1996), Or 1995; 31 2004; 66 2000; 49 2000; 45 2000; 3 1995; 76 2004; 4 1994; 25 1996; 74 2003; 18 1998; 43 1992; 56 1996; 32 2004; 31 1979; 24 2006; 20 1997; 92 1997; 11 1995; 28 2003; 6 2005; 74 2005; 76 2001; 15 1996; 25 2001; 56 1966; 65 2001; 51 1996; 22 2002; 38 2000; 29 2004; 40 2006; 319 2004; 49 2005; 86 1969; 14 2003; 39 1967; 47 2006; 111 1996; 53 2005; 19 1991; 27 2000; 36 2004; 18 1997; 33 2005; 165 1986; 22 2005; 8 1984; 137 2001; 37 2001; 39 1998; 34 e_1_2_8_28_1 e_1_2_8_24_1 e_1_2_8_47_1 e_1_2_8_26_1 e_1_2_8_49_1 Stottlemyer R. (e_1_2_8_51_1) 1996; 53 Ottosson Löfvenius M. (e_1_2_8_43_1) 2003; 18 e_1_2_8_3_1 e_1_2_8_5_1 e_1_2_8_7_1 e_1_2_8_9_1 e_1_2_8_20_1 e_1_2_8_22_1 e_1_2_8_45_1 e_1_2_8_41_1 e_1_2_8_17_1 e_1_2_8_19_1 e_1_2_8_13_1 e_1_2_8_36_1 e_1_2_8_15_1 e_1_2_8_38_1 e_1_2_8_57_1 e_1_2_8_32_1 e_1_2_8_55_1 e_1_2_8_11_1 e_1_2_8_34_1 e_1_2_8_53_1 e_1_2_8_30_1 e_1_2_8_29_1 e_1_2_8_25_1 e_1_2_8_46_1 e_1_2_8_27_1 e_1_2_8_48_1 e_1_2_8_2_1 e_1_2_8_4_1 e_1_2_8_6_1 e_1_2_8_8_1 e_1_2_8_21_1 e_1_2_8_42_1 e_1_2_8_23_1 e_1_2_8_44_1 e_1_2_8_40_1 e_1_2_8_18_1 e_1_2_8_39_1 e_1_2_8_14_1 e_1_2_8_35_1 e_1_2_8_16_1 e_1_2_8_37_1 e_1_2_8_10_1 e_1_2_8_31_1 e_1_2_8_56_1 e_1_2_8_12_1 e_1_2_8_33_1 e_1_2_8_54_1 e_1_2_8_52_1 e_1_2_8_50_1
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Snippet	1 Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) stored in the snowpack are important sources of N in snow-covered ecosystems, yet we... Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) stored in the snowpack are important sources of N in snow‐covered ecosystems, yet we... Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) stored in the snowpack are important sources of N in snow-covered ecosystems, yet we...
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SubjectTerms	biogeochemical cycles boreal denitrification environmental impact environmental protection forest ecosystems hydrologic cycle hydrologic flow path hydrologic models inorganic nitrogen nitrogen organic nitrogen riparian areas riparian buffers snow snowmelt Snowmelt Runoff Model snowpack soil soil water soil water content soil water retention sorption streams temporal variation water flow watershed hydrology watersheds wetland wetlands
Title	Hydrologic and biotic control of nitrogen export during snowmelt: a combined conservative and reactive tracer approach
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