Music exposure enhances resistance to Salmonella infection by promoting healthy gut microbiota
Music therapy is increasingly recognized as a low-cost approach to improving health, but how it works remains unclear. Our study demonstrates that music can positively influence health by altering the gut microbiome. In a mouse model, exposure to Mozart’s Flute Quartet in D Major enhanced the gut mi...
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| Published in: | Microbiology spectrum Vol. 13; no. 5; p. e0237724 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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United States
American Society for Microbiology
25.03.2025
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| ISSN: | 2165-0497, 2165-0497 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Music therapy is increasingly recognized as a low-cost approach to improving health, but how it works remains unclear. Our study demonstrates that music can positively influence health by altering the gut microbiome. In a mouse model, exposure to Mozart’s Flute Quartet in D Major enhanced the gut microbiota, specifically increasing levels of the beneficial bacterium Lactobacillus salivarius . This probiotic protected mice from Salmonella infection by creating an acidic environment that inhibited pathogen growth. Mozart-treated mice also showed reduced anxiety, better spatial memory, and higher food intake without weight gain, suggesting the benefits of music exposure. These findings reveal a novel link between music, gut health, and disease resistance, suggesting that music therapy could be a promising strategy for enhancing gut microbiota and combating infections, including those caused by drug-resistant bacteria. |
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| AbstractList | Music intervention is gaining recognition as a cost-effective therapeutic for improving human health. Despite its growing application, the mechanisms through which music exerts beneficial health effects remain largely unexplored. Here, we show that music can exert beneficial effects in mice through modulating gut microbiome composition. Adult mice were exposed to ambient noise, Mozart’s Flute Quartet in D Major, K. 285, or white noise over a three-week period. Afterward, we observed treatment-specific changes in the community of gut commensal bacteria in these animals. Upon subsequent challenge with the bacterial pathogen Salmonella typhimurium, control groups exhibited significant weight loss and increased Salmonella colonization, whereas the Mozart-treated group did not. 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing revealed that the Mozart group showed a significant increase in Lactobacillus salivarius, a probiotic known for its antibacterial properties. Further experiments confirmed that L. salivarius mitigated Salmonella infection in mice and that L. salivarius acidified local environments in in vitro culture, thus inhibiting Salmonella growth. Additionally, mice exposed to Mozart consumed more food but showed similar body weight compared to the control groups. Behavioral assessments, including open field and object location tests, revealed that Mozart-treated mice were more active, less anxious, and exhibited enhanced spatial memory. Finally, Mozart exposure was shown to significantly boost colonization of administered L. salivarius and alter gut metabolite profiles. These findings suggest that music exposure fosters healthier gut microbiota, enhancing resistance to bacterial infections and highlighting the potential of music therapy as a novel strategy to combat drug-resistant pathogen infections. ABSTRACT Music intervention is gaining recognition as a cost-effective therapeutic for improving human health. Despite its growing application, the mechanisms through which music exerts beneficial health effects remain largely unexplored. Here, we show that music can exert beneficial effects in mice through modulating gut microbiome composition. Adult mice were exposed to ambient noise, Mozart’s Flute Quartet in D Major, K. 285, or white noise over a three-week period. Afterward, we observed treatment-specific changes in the community of gut commensal bacteria in these animals. Upon subsequent challenge with the bacterial pathogen Salmonella typhimurium, control groups exhibited significant weight loss and increased Salmonella colonization, whereas the Mozart-treated group did not. 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing revealed that the Mozart group showed a significant increase in Lactobacillus salivarius, a probiotic known for its antibacterial properties. Further experiments confirmed that L. salivarius mitigated Salmonella infection in mice and that L. salivarius acidified local environments in in vitro culture, thus inhibiting Salmonella growth. Additionally, mice exposed to Mozart consumed more food but showed similar body weight compared to the control groups. Behavioral assessments, including open field and object location tests, revealed that Mozart-treated mice were more active, less anxious, and exhibited enhanced spatial memory. Finally, Mozart exposure was shown to significantly boost colonization of administered L. salivarius and alter gut metabolite profiles. These findings suggest that music exposure fosters healthier gut microbiota, enhancing resistance to bacterial infections and highlighting the potential of music therapy as a novel strategy to combat drug-resistant pathogen infections.IMPORTANCEMusic therapy is increasingly recognized as a low-cost approach to improving health, but how it works remains unclear. Our study demonstrates that music can positively influence health by altering the gut microbiome. In a mouse model, exposure to Mozart’s Flute Quartet in D Major enhanced the gut microbiota, specifically increasing levels of the beneficial bacterium Lactobacillus salivarius. This probiotic protected mice from Salmonella infection by creating an acidic environment that inhibited pathogen growth. Mozart-treated mice also showed reduced anxiety, better spatial memory, and higher food intake without weight gain, suggesting the benefits of music exposure. These findings reveal a novel link between music, gut health, and disease resistance, suggesting that music therapy could be a promising strategy for enhancing gut microbiota and combating infections, including those caused by drug-resistant bacteria. Music therapy is increasingly recognized as a low-cost approach to improving health, but how it works remains unclear. Our study demonstrates that music can positively influence health by altering the gut microbiome. In a mouse model, exposure to Mozart’s Flute Quartet in D Major enhanced the gut microbiota, specifically increasing levels of the beneficial bacterium Lactobacillus salivarius . This probiotic protected mice from Salmonella infection by creating an acidic environment that inhibited pathogen growth. Mozart-treated mice also showed reduced anxiety, better spatial memory, and higher food intake without weight gain, suggesting the benefits of music exposure. These findings reveal a novel link between music, gut health, and disease resistance, suggesting that music therapy could be a promising strategy for enhancing gut microbiota and combating infections, including those caused by drug-resistant bacteria. Music intervention is gaining recognition as a cost-effective therapeutic for improving human health. Despite its growing application, the mechanisms through which music exerts beneficial health effects remain largely unexplored. Here, we show that music can exert beneficial effects in mice through modulating gut microbiome composition. Adult mice were exposed to ambient noise, Mozart's Flute Quartet in D Major, K. 285, or white noise over a three-week period. Afterward, we observed treatment-specific changes in the community of gut commensal bacteria in these animals. Upon subsequent challenge with the bacterial pathogen Salmonella typhimurium, control groups exhibited significant weight loss and increased Salmonella colonization, whereas the Mozart-treated group did not. 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing revealed that the Mozart group showed a significant increase in Lactobacillus salivarius, a probiotic known for its antibacterial properties. Further experiments confirmed that L. salivarius mitigated Salmonella infection in mice and that L. salivarius acidified local environments in in vitro culture, thus inhibiting Salmonella growth. Additionally, mice exposed to Mozart consumed more food but showed similar body weight compared to the control groups. Behavioral assessments, including open field and object location tests, revealed that Mozart-treated mice were more active, less anxious, and exhibited enhanced spatial memory. Finally, Mozart exposure was shown to significantly boost colonization of administered L. salivarius and alter gut metabolite profiles. These findings suggest that music exposure fosters healthier gut microbiota, enhancing resistance to bacterial infections and highlighting the potential of music therapy as a novel strategy to combat drug-resistant pathogen infections.Music intervention is gaining recognition as a cost-effective therapeutic for improving human health. Despite its growing application, the mechanisms through which music exerts beneficial health effects remain largely unexplored. Here, we show that music can exert beneficial effects in mice through modulating gut microbiome composition. Adult mice were exposed to ambient noise, Mozart's Flute Quartet in D Major, K. 285, or white noise over a three-week period. Afterward, we observed treatment-specific changes in the community of gut commensal bacteria in these animals. Upon subsequent challenge with the bacterial pathogen Salmonella typhimurium, control groups exhibited significant weight loss and increased Salmonella colonization, whereas the Mozart-treated group did not. 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing revealed that the Mozart group showed a significant increase in Lactobacillus salivarius, a probiotic known for its antibacterial properties. Further experiments confirmed that L. salivarius mitigated Salmonella infection in mice and that L. salivarius acidified local environments in in vitro culture, thus inhibiting Salmonella growth. Additionally, mice exposed to Mozart consumed more food but showed similar body weight compared to the control groups. Behavioral assessments, including open field and object location tests, revealed that Mozart-treated mice were more active, less anxious, and exhibited enhanced spatial memory. Finally, Mozart exposure was shown to significantly boost colonization of administered L. salivarius and alter gut metabolite profiles. These findings suggest that music exposure fosters healthier gut microbiota, enhancing resistance to bacterial infections and highlighting the potential of music therapy as a novel strategy to combat drug-resistant pathogen infections.Music therapy is increasingly recognized as a low-cost approach to improving health, but how it works remains unclear. Our study demonstrates that music can positively influence health by altering the gut microbiome. In a mouse model, exposure to Mozart's Flute Quartet in D Major enhanced the gut microbiota, specifically increasing levels of the beneficial bacterium Lactobacillus salivarius. This probiotic protected mice from Salmonella infection by creating an acidic environment that inhibited pathogen growth. Mozart-treated mice also showed reduced anxiety, better spatial memory, and higher food intake without weight gain, suggesting the benefits of music exposure. These findings reveal a novel link between music, gut health, and disease resistance, suggesting that music therapy could be a promising strategy for enhancing gut microbiota and combating infections, including those caused by drug-resistant bacteria.IMPORTANCEMusic therapy is increasingly recognized as a low-cost approach to improving health, but how it works remains unclear. Our study demonstrates that music can positively influence health by altering the gut microbiome. In a mouse model, exposure to Mozart's Flute Quartet in D Major enhanced the gut microbiota, specifically increasing levels of the beneficial bacterium Lactobacillus salivarius. This probiotic protected mice from Salmonella infection by creating an acidic environment that inhibited pathogen growth. Mozart-treated mice also showed reduced anxiety, better spatial memory, and higher food intake without weight gain, suggesting the benefits of music exposure. These findings reveal a novel link between music, gut health, and disease resistance, suggesting that music therapy could be a promising strategy for enhancing gut microbiota and combating infections, including those caused by drug-resistant bacteria. Music intervention is gaining recognition as a cost-effective therapeutic for improving human health. Despite its growing application, the mechanisms through which music exerts beneficial health effects remain largely unexplored. Here, we show that music can exert beneficial effects in mice through modulating gut microbiome composition. Adult mice were exposed to ambient noise, Mozart's Flute Quartet in D Major, K. 285, or white noise over a three-week period. Afterward, we observed treatment-specific changes in the community of gut commensal bacteria in these animals. Upon subsequent challenge with the bacterial pathogen , control groups exhibited significant weight loss and increased colonization, whereas the Mozart-treated group did not. 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing revealed that the Mozart group showed a significant increase in , a probiotic known for its antibacterial properties. Further experiments confirmed that mitigated infection in mice and that acidified local environments in culture, thus inhibiting growth. Additionally, mice exposed to Mozart consumed more food but showed similar body weight compared to the control groups. Behavioral assessments, including open field and object location tests, revealed that Mozart-treated mice were more active, less anxious, and exhibited enhanced spatial memory. Finally, Mozart exposure was shown to significantly boost colonization of administered and alter gut metabolite profiles. These findings suggest that music exposure fosters healthier gut microbiota, enhancing resistance to bacterial infections and highlighting the potential of music therapy as a novel strategy to combat drug-resistant pathogen infections. Music therapy is increasingly recognized as a low-cost approach to improving health, but how it works remains unclear. Our study demonstrates that music can positively influence health by altering the gut microbiome. In a mouse model, exposure to Mozart's Flute Quartet in D Major enhanced the gut microbiota, specifically increasing levels of the beneficial bacterium . This probiotic protected mice from infection by creating an acidic environment that inhibited pathogen growth. Mozart-treated mice also showed reduced anxiety, better spatial memory, and higher food intake without weight gain, suggesting the benefits of music exposure. These findings reveal a novel link between music, gut health, and disease resistance, suggesting that music therapy could be a promising strategy for enhancing gut microbiota and combating infections, including those caused by drug-resistant bacteria. Music intervention is gaining recognition as a cost-effective therapeutic for improving human health. Despite its growing application, the mechanisms through which music exerts beneficial health effects remain largely unexplored. Here, we show that music can exert beneficial effects in mice through modulating gut microbiome composition. Adult mice were exposed to ambient noise, Mozart’s Flute Quartet in D Major, K. 285, or white noise over a three-week period. Afterward, we observed treatment-specific changes in the community of gut commensal bacteria in these animals. Upon subsequent challenge with the bacterial pathogen Salmonella typhimurium, control groups exhibited significant weight loss and increased Salmonella colonization, whereas the Mozart-treated group did not. 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing revealed that the Mozart group showed a significant increase in Lactobacillus salivarius, a probiotic known for its antibacterial properties. Further experiments confirmed that L. salivarius mitigated Salmonella infection in mice and that L. salivarius acidified local environments in in vitro culture, thus inhibiting Salmonella growth. Additionally, mice exposed to Mozart consumed more food but showed similar body weight compared to the control groups. Behavioral assessments, including open field and object location tests, revealed that Mozart-treated mice were more active, less anxious, and exhibited enhanced spatial memory. Finally, Mozart exposure was shown to significantly boost colonization of administered L. salivarius and alter gut metabolite profiles. These findings suggest that music exposure fosters healthier gut microbiota, enhancing resistance to bacterial infections and highlighting the potential of music therapy as a novel strategy to combat drug-resistant pathogen infections.IMPORTANCEMusic therapy is increasingly recognized as a low-cost approach to improving health, but how it works remains unclear. Our study demonstrates that music can positively influence health by altering the gut microbiome. In a mouse model, exposure to Mozart’s Flute Quartet in D Major enhanced the gut microbiota, specifically increasing levels of the beneficial bacterium Lactobacillus salivarius. This probiotic protected mice from Salmonella infection by creating an acidic environment that inhibited pathogen growth. Mozart-treated mice also showed reduced anxiety, better spatial memory, and higher food intake without weight gain, suggesting the benefits of music exposure. These findings reveal a novel link between music, gut health, and disease resistance, suggesting that music therapy could be a promising strategy for enhancing gut microbiota and combating infections, including those caused by drug-resistant bacteria. |
| Author | Beld, Joris Byun, Hyuntae Do, Elyza A. Zhang, Yue Hsiao, Ansel Tanchoco, Ethan Zhu, Jun Zhu, Clara Y. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Clara Y. surname: Zhu fullname: Zhu, Clara Y. – sequence: 2 givenname: Hyuntae surname: Byun fullname: Byun, Hyuntae – sequence: 3 givenname: Elyza A. surname: Do fullname: Do, Elyza A. – sequence: 4 givenname: Yue surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Yue – sequence: 5 givenname: Ethan surname: Tanchoco fullname: Tanchoco, Ethan – sequence: 6 givenname: Joris surname: Beld fullname: Beld, Joris – sequence: 7 givenname: Ansel orcidid: 0000-0002-0258-6960 surname: Hsiao fullname: Hsiao, Ansel – sequence: 8 givenname: Jun orcidid: 0000-0001-9182-5224 surname: Zhu fullname: Zhu, Jun |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40130867$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Copyright | Copyright © 2025 Zhu et al. Copyright © 2025 Zhu et al. 2025 Zhu et al. |
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| Issue | 5 |
| Keywords | microbiota Salmonella music therapy metabolomics Lactobacillus |
| Language | English |
| License | This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Present address: School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA The authors declare no conflict of interest. Clara Y. Zhu and Hyuntae Byun contributed equally to this article. Author order was determined based on their primary roles in the project, with the experimental lead listed first. |
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| Snippet | Music therapy is increasingly recognized as a low-cost approach to improving health, but how it works remains unclear. Our study demonstrates that music can... Music intervention is gaining recognition as a cost-effective therapeutic for improving human health. Despite its growing application, the mechanisms through... ABSTRACT Music intervention is gaining recognition as a cost-effective therapeutic for improving human health. Despite its growing application, the mechanisms... |
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| Title | Music exposure enhances resistance to Salmonella infection by promoting healthy gut microbiota |
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