Companion Modelling A Participatory Approach to Support Sustainable Development
This book introduces the companion modelling approach by presenting the stance that underpins it, the methods and tools used with stakeholders and the specific role of models during the process. It addresses the means to deal with the different levels of decision-making and to take into account the...
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| Format: | eBook |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Dordrecht
Springer Netherlands
2014
Springer |
| Edition: | 1 |
| Subjects: | |
| ISBN: | 9789401785563, 9401785562 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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Table of Contents:
- Transparency on the Empowerment of Stakeholders
- Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Authors -- 1 Introduction -- The Beginnings -- Identity of the ComMod Network: The Charter -- Producing Knowledge About Complex Systems -- Supporting the Collective Decision-Making Process -- Models as Support Tool -- The Position of the Researcher -- Diversity -- Diversity Giving Way to Invariants? -- The ComMod Approach Invariants and Its Assessment -- Organization of the Work -- 2 Companion Modelling: A Method of Adaptive and Participatory Research -- Organizing a Companion Modelling Approach -- The Main Protagonists -- Associating a Virtual World -- Key Sequences -- Collective Key Moments -- Initial Conceptual Model of Companion Modelling -- An Iterative Approach -- Notions of Loops and Cycles -- Diversity of Implementations -- Evolution of Questions During a Companion Modelling Process -- Invariants Noted During Implementation -- Local Anchoring of the Commodian as a Source of Legitimacy -- Involvement of Stakeholders -- Systematic Mobilization of a Complex System Model and Dynamic or Long-Term Simulations -- Importance of a Debriefing Time -- Discussion -- What are the Original Features of the Method? -- Stakeholder Perceptions of the Approach -- The Costs of Implementation with Regard to Profits -- A Flexible Approach, A Heterogeneous Implementation -- 3 The Commodian Stance: Interpersonal Skills and Expertise -- The Commodian Stance: Principles of Original Interpersonal Skills -- Principles of the Commodian Stance -- Originality Among Other Participative Approaches and Modelling in Natural Resource Management as Seen by the Commodians -- Originality of the ComMod Approach as Perceived by Other Researchers -- The Commodian's Role in Initiating the Approach -- Different Ways of Initialization of a Companion Modelling Approach -- From Social Demand to Supporting the Group Taking it on
- Profile 2: Unconditional Dialogue-Based Neutrality in a Perceived Context of Non-dominance of Power Asymmetries -- Profile 3: Conditional Dialogical Neutrality in a Perceived Context of Dominance of Arguments -- Profile 4: Post-Normal Non-neutrality in a Perceived Context of Dominance Power Asymmetries -- Hybrid Profiles -- Discussion: From Divergence to Concordance -- Adaptive use of the Complementarities Between Dialogue-Orientated and Critical Stances -- Making One's Position Explicit to be Able to Question its Legitimacy -- Conclusion -- 7 Assessment and Monitoring of the Effects of the ComMod Approach -- Justifications and Assumptions -- Why Is an Assessment of ComMod Needed? -- Theoretical Foundations -- Background of the Assessment Protocol -- The Assessment Protocol -- Description of the Assessment Protocol -- Designer's Questionnaire -- The Participant Evaluation Guide -- Description of the Assessment Guide -- Adapting the Canberra Protocol -- Limits of Application -- An Example of Adaptation -- Results from Completed Assessments -- Meta-Analysis Framework -- Results from the Meta-Analysis -- Assessment Approaches -- Creation of Legitimate Discussion Forums -- Perceived Advantages and Limitations of the ComMod Approach -- Advantages and Limitations of the Participatory Methods Used -- Improving the Current Assessment Protocol -- Limitations of the Current Assessment Protocol -- Improving the Assessment Protocol -- Questions About the Implementation and Use of the Assessment -- 8 How do Participants View the Technologies Used in Companion Modelling? -- Tools Used in the Participatory Mode -- Variety of Tools Representing Technological Diversity -- Frequencies of Use of Tool -- Perception Analysis Framework and Available Data -- Tool Perception Analysis Criteria -- Data Used for Analysing Tools -- Participants' Perception of Simulation Tools
- Tool Ergonomic Design -- Fun Side and Response Time -- Ease of Understanding -- Ease of Operation and Handling -- Effects of the Tool as Seen by Participants -- Knowledge Creation -- Discussion Forum -- Help in Interacting with Others -- Changing Perceptions -- Changing Practices -- Ability to Encourage Thinking About the System and Its Future -- The Construction of Diagrams as Seen by Participants -- Ergonomic Design -- Effects of the Construction of Diagrams as Perceived by Participants -- Ability to Encourage Thinking -- Tools for Producing Spatial Representations -- Tool Ergonomic Design -- Effects of Producing Spatial Representations -- Link Between Spatial Representation and Reality -- Implications for the ComMod Processes -- Complementarity and Combinations of Tools Based on Their Perception by Participants -- Transferability of Tools According to Participants -- Other Tools Used in Companion Modelling -- 9 ComMod: Engaged Research's Contribution to Sustainable Development -- A Stance Justified by the Needs of Sustainable Development -- The Emergence of the Sustainable Development Concept -- The Social Legitimacy of Research Decisions -- Transcending Traditional Divisions Within the Organization of Science -- A Way to Apply the Principle of Participation -- Different Modalities for Applying the Principle of Participation -- Instituting a Mediation Process for Stakeholders to Assume Responsibility for Uncertainty in Decision Situations -- Facilitating the Understanding of Ecological and Social System Operations -- The Impact of the Implementation of the Principle of Participation -- Clarification of the Dynamics Regulating Ecological and Social Systems -- The Development of Tools and Methods Promoting Stakeholder Involvement -- The Contribution of Research to the Precision of the Concept and the Operational Potential of Sustainable Development
- Roles of the Commodians and Facilitation Techniques Employed During an Adaptive and Iterative Approach -- Who Facilitates and at which Phases in the Process? -- A Facilitation Team Comprising Members of Different Statuses -- Who Facilitates Each Phase? -- The Various Roles Played by the Commodian -- Intense Collective Key Moments of Exchange that 'Fashion' the Group -- Facilitation Techniques and Methods Used in the Intervention Device -- An Intervention Stance of the Commodian that Cannot be Naive -- 4 Models for Sharing Representations -- Introduction -- Ways of Representing Reality -- From Reality to Its Representation as a Simulation Model -- Simulation Models Based on Miscellaneous Types of Agent -- Knowledge Extraction and Abstraction: From the Reference System to the Domain Model -- Formulating a Question and a Framework for the Modelling Process -- Eliciting Knowledge -- Extracting Knowledge from an Interview Transcription -- Extracting Knowledge by Situation Simulation Exercises -- Extracting Knowledge by Constructing Diagrams -- Formalization of Knowledge and Conceptualization from the Domain Model to the Conceptual Model -- Formalisms for Conceptualization -- The Conceptualization Process -- Sequence of a Standard Conceptualization Process -- Participative Conceptualization -- Conceptual Model Entities -- From the Conceptual Model to Simulation Models: Implementation -- Managing Time, Ordering Agents and Ordering Actions -- Spatial Media -- Implementation -- Calibration, Verification and Validation -- Calibration -- Verification -- Validation and Validity -- Simulation Models to Explore Collectively Possible Futures -- Setting up the Simulation Workshop -- Introducing the Simulation Model -- Identification and Formulation of Scenarios -- Exploration and Observations -- Indicators and Viewpoints to Monitor Changes in the Simulated System
- Behaviours and Interactions Between Players -- Analysis -- Singularity, Complementarities and Versatility in Modelling Tools -- Singularity/Genericity of Modelling Tools -- Combinations of Various Simulation Models in Implementing the Approach -- 5 Contexts and Dependencies in the ComMod Processes -- Box 5.1: The Context as Generally Construed -- Trends in the Consideration Given to the Socio-Environmental Context and Intervention Social Context -- Trends in the Understanding of Interactions Within Socio-Ecological Systems -- Trends in Participatory Approaches -- The Identified Limits -- The Choice of Participants and How They Express Themselves -- The Limits of the Results of these Approaches -- The ComMod Context Process -- The Tools and Methods used for Mainstreaming the Social Context in ComMod Approaches -- Materials and Methods -- A Diversity of Socio-Environmental Contexts -- Mainstreaming of the Context Effects in ComMod Experiments -- Diversity in the Formulation of Social Demand in the Initialization of the Process -- Diversity in Mainstreaming the Initial Context -- Consequences on the Definition of Project Objectives -- Impact on the Choice of Participants -- Consequences on Project Dynamics -- Impact on the Decision and Action -- Conclusion -- 6 Power Asymmetries in Companion Modelling Processes -- Participation, Power Games and Legitimacy: Theoretical Focus -- Power Asymmetries Within Society -- Power Games in a Participatory Process -- Dealing with Power Asymmetries: Dialogue-Orientated Versus Critical Stances -- Legitimacy of Participatory Processes -- Method: A Test for Making Explicit Positions with Regard to Power Asymmetries -- Method used to Build the Test -- Test: Four Axes of Analysis -- Results: Contrasting Profiles -- Profile 1: Neutrality of the Laissez-Faire Type in a Perceived Context of Dominance of Power Asymmetries