New insights into the 2012 Emilia (Italy) seismic sequence through advanced numerical modeling of ground deformation InSAR measurements

We provide new insights into the two main seismic events that occurred in 2012 in the Emilia region, Italy. We extend the results from previous studies based on analytical inversion modeling of GPS and RADARSAT‐1 InSAR measurements by exploiting RADARSAT‐2 data. Moreover, we benefit from the availab...

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Published in:	Geophysical research letters Vol. 40; no. 10; pp. 1971 - 1977
Main Authors:	Tizzani, P., Castaldo, R., Solaro, G., Pepe, S., Bonano, M., Casu, F., Manunta, M., Manzo, M., Pepe, A., Samsonov, S., Lanari, R., Sansosti, E.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Washington Blackwell Publishing Ltd 28.05.2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Subjects:	Accuracy Activation Anticlines Buried structures Complexity Deformation Displacement Earthquakes FEM Finite element analysis Finite element method Geophysics Grounds InSAR Interferometric synthetic aperture radar Mathematical analysis Mathematical models Methodology modeling Modelling Modulation Radarsat Segments Seismic activity Sequencing Thrust Italy
ISSN:	0094-8276, 1944-8007
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Abstract	We provide new insights into the two main seismic events that occurred in 2012 in the Emilia region, Italy. We extend the results from previous studies based on analytical inversion modeling of GPS and RADARSAT‐1 InSAR measurements by exploiting RADARSAT‐2 data. Moreover, we benefit from the available large amount of geological and geophysical information through finite element method (FEM) modeling implemented in a structural‐mechanical context to investigate the impact of known buried structures on the modulation of the ground deformation field. We find that the displacement pattern associated with the 20 May event is consistent with the activation of a single fault segment of the inner Ferrara thrust, in good agreement with the analytical solution. In contrast, the interpretation of the 29 May episode requires the activation of three different fault segments and a block roto‐translation of the Mirandola anticline. The proposed FEM‐based methodology is applicable to other seismic areas where the complexity of buried structures is known and plays a fundamental role in the modulation of the associated surface deformation pattern. Key PointsDetection of active seismogenic structures responsible for ground deformationEvaluate the role of tectonic constrain on the modulation of ground deformationProvide a detailed characterization of the rock failure mechanisms
AbstractList	We provide new insights into the two main seismic events that occurred in 2012 in the Emilia region, Italy. We extend the results from previous studies based on analytical inversion modeling of GPS and RADARSAT-1 InSAR measurements by exploiting RADARSAT-2 data. Moreover, we benefit from the available large amount of geological and geophysical information through finite element method (FEM) modeling implemented in a structural-mechanical context to investigate the impact of known buried structures on the modulation of the ground deformation field. We find that the displacement pattern associated with the 20 May event is consistent with the activation of a single fault segment of the inner Ferrara thrust, in good agreement with the analytical solution. In contrast, the interpretation of the 29 May episode requires the activation of three different fault segments and a block roto-translation of the Mirandola anticline. The proposed FEM-based methodology is applicable to other seismic areas where the complexity of buried structures is known and plays a fundamental role in the modulation of the associated surface deformation pattern. We provide new insights into the two main seismic events that occurred in 2012 in the Emilia region, Italy. We extend the results from previous studies based on analytical inversion modeling of GPS and RADARSAT‐1 InSAR measurements by exploiting RADARSAT‐2 data. Moreover, we benefit from the available large amount of geological and geophysical information through finite element method (FEM) modeling implemented in a structural‐mechanical context to investigate the impact of known buried structures on the modulation of the ground deformation field. We find that the displacement pattern associated with the 20 May event is consistent with the activation of a single fault segment of the inner Ferrara thrust, in good agreement with the analytical solution. In contrast, the interpretation of the 29 May episode requires the activation of three different fault segments and a block roto‐translation of the Mirandola anticline. The proposed FEM‐based methodology is applicable to other seismic areas where the complexity of buried structures is known and plays a fundamental role in the modulation of the associated surface deformation pattern. Detection of active seismogenic structures responsible for ground deformation Evaluate the role of tectonic constrain on the modulation of ground deformation Provide a detailed characterization of the rock failure mechanisms We provide new insights into the two main seismic events that occurred in 2012 in the Emilia region, Italy. We extend the results from previous studies based on analytical inversion modeling of GPS and RADARSAT‐1 InSAR measurements by exploiting RADARSAT‐2 data. Moreover, we benefit from the available large amount of geological and geophysical information through finite element method (FEM) modeling implemented in a structural‐mechanical context to investigate the impact of known buried structures on the modulation of the ground deformation field. We find that the displacement pattern associated with the 20 May event is consistent with the activation of a single fault segment of the inner Ferrara thrust, in good agreement with the analytical solution. In contrast, the interpretation of the 29 May episode requires the activation of three different fault segments and a block roto‐translation of the Mirandola anticline. The proposed FEM‐based methodology is applicable to other seismic areas where the complexity of buried structures is known and plays a fundamental role in the modulation of the associated surface deformation pattern. Key PointsDetection of active seismogenic structures responsible for ground deformationEvaluate the role of tectonic constrain on the modulation of ground deformationProvide a detailed characterization of the rock failure mechanisms We provide new insights into the two main seismic events that occurred in 2012 in the Emilia region, Italy. We extend the results from previous studies based on analytical inversion modeling of GPS and RADARSAT-1 InSAR measurements by exploiting RADARSAT-2 data. Moreover, we benefit from the available large amount of geological and geophysical information through finite element method (FEM) modeling implemented in a structural-mechanical context to investigate the impact of known buried structures on the modulation of the ground deformation field. We find that the displacement pattern associated with the 20 May event is consistent with the activation of a single fault segment of the inner Ferrara thrust, in good agreement with the analytical solution. In contrast, the interpretation of the 29 May episode requires the activation of three different fault segments and a block roto-translation of the Mirandola anticline. The proposed FEM-based methodology is applicable to other seismic areas where the complexity of buried structures is known and plays a fundamental role in the modulation of the associated surface deformation pattern. Key Points * Detection of active seismogenic structures responsible for ground deformation * Evaluate the role of tectonic constrain on the modulation of ground deformation * Provide a detailed characterization of the rock failure mechanisms
Author	Manzo, M. Casu, F. Lanari, R. Sansosti, E. Bonano, M. Solaro, G. Samsonov, S. Castaldo, R. Pepe, S. Manunta, M. Tizzani, P. Pepe, A.
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Cites_doi	10.1785/0120000922 10.1137/0111030 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.09.034 10.1007/978-3-540-69426-7_25 10.4401/ag‐6157 10.1029/2010JB007870 10.1137/1.9780898717921.ch1 10.1016/S0012‐8252(98)00045‐2 10.1785/BSSA0750041135 10.1029/2009JB006395 10.4401/ag‐6168
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Notes	ArticleID:GRL50290 ark:/67375/WNG-VRJTPJX3-1 Structural and geological map [Boccaletti et al., ] of the Emilia region superimposed on the 3 arcsec SRTM DEM of the zone.(a) Analytical model proposed by Bignami et al. [] projected along the RSAT-2 LOS (referred to as Model 2). (b) Residual map of Model 2 w.r.t. RSAT-2. (c) Analytical model proposed by Serpelloni et al. [] projected along the RSAT-2 LOS (referred to as Model 3). (d) Residual map of Model 3 w.r.t. RSAT-2. The blue stars indicate the locations of the two main shock events, while the blue triangles indicate the corresponding locations of the few earthquakes with Ml ≥ 5.0 that occurred after 20 May. The black rectangles represent the surface projection of the best fit plane solutions reported in Table .(a) RSAT-1 InSAR displacement map for the 12 May-5 June period, where Bperp is the perpendicular baseline and ϑ is the look angle. (b) Residual map of Model 1 w.r.t. RSAT-1. (c) Residual map of Model 2 w.r.t. RSAT-1. (d) Residual map of Model 3 w.r.t. RSAT-1. The blue triangles indicate the locations of the few earthquakes with Ml ≥ 5.0 that occurred after 20 May.Supporting Information istex:358947DB52A1740267A04BBE24323C27DBD24F63 ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23
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References_xml	– reference: Jónsson, S., et al. (2002), Fault slip distribution of the 1999 Mw7.2 HectorMine earthquake, California, estimated from satellite radar and GPS measurements, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 92, 1377-1389. – reference: Bignami, C., et al. (2012), Coseismic deformation pattern of the Emilia 2012 seismic sequence imaged by Radarsat-1 interferometry, Ann. Geophys., 55, 4, doi:10.4401/ag-6157. – reference: Okada, Y. (1985), Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 75, 1135-1154. – reference: Carminati, E., D. Scrocca, and C. Doglioni (2010), Compaction-induced stress variations with depth in an active anticline: Northern Apennines, Italy, J. Geophys. Res., 115, B02401, doi:10.1029/2009JB006395. – reference: Doglioni, C., et al. (1999), Orogens and slab vs. their direction of subduction, Earth Sci. Rev., 45, 167-208, doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(98)00045-2. – reference: Fagan, M. J. (1992), Finite elements analysis: Theory and Practice, pp. 1-311, London, Prentice Hall. – reference: Tarantola, A. (2005), Inverse Problem Theory and Methods for Model Parameter Estimation, pp. 1-343, SIAM Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, ISBN 0-89871-572-5. – reference: Serpelloni, E., et al. (2012), GPS observations of coseismic deformation following the May 20 and 29, 2012, Emilia seismic events (northern Italy): data, analysis and preliminary models, Ann. Geophys., 55, 4, doi:10.4401/ag-6168. – reference: Marquardt, D. (1963), An algorithm for least-squares estimation of nonlinear parameters, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 11, 431-441, doi:10.1137/0111030. – reference: Devoti, R., et al. (2011), Evidence of large scale deformation patterns from GPS data in the Italian subduction boundary, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 311(3-4), 1-12, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.09.034. – reference: Burrato, P., F. Ciucci, and G. Valensise (2003), An inventory of river anomalies in the Po Plain, Northern Italy: evidences for active blind thrust faulting, Ann. Geophys., 46(5), 865-882. – reference: Carminati, E., and L. Vadacca (2010), Two-and three-dimensional numerical simulations of the stress field at the thrust front of the Northern Apennines, Italy, J. Geophys. Res., 115, B12425, doi:10.1029/2010JB007870. – volume: 115 start-page: B02401 year: 2010 article-title: Compaction‐induced stress variations with depth in an active anticline: Northern Apennines, Italy publication-title: J. Geophys. Res. – volume: 15 start-page: 3.4.1/8 year: 1983 end-page: 3.4.1/26 – start-page: 1 year: 2005 end-page: 343 – volume: 311 start-page: 1 issue: 3–4 year: 2011 end-page: 12 article-title: Evidence of large scale deformation patterns from GPS data in the Italian subduction boundary publication-title: Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. – start-page: 471 year: 2007 end-page: 487 – volume: 75 start-page: 1135 year: 1985 end-page: 1154 article-title: Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half‐space publication-title: Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. – start-page: 1 year: 1992 end-page: 311 – volume: 45 start-page: 167 year: 1999 end-page: 208 article-title: Orogens and slab vs. their direction of subduction publication-title: Earth Sci. Rev. – volume: 46 start-page: 865 issue: 5 year: 2003 end-page: 882 article-title: An inventory of river anomalies in the Po Plain, Northern Italy: evidences for active blind thrust faulting publication-title: Ann. Geophys. – year: 2004 – volume: 92 start-page: 1377 year: 2002 end-page: 1389 article-title: Fault slip distribution of the 1999 Mw7.2 HectorMine earthquake, California, estimated from satellite radar and GPS measurements publication-title: Bull. Seismol. Soc. 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Snippet	We provide new insights into the two main seismic events that occurred in 2012 in the Emilia region, Italy. We extend the results from previous studies based...
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SubjectTerms	Accuracy Activation Anticlines Buried structures Complexity Deformation Displacement Earthquakes FEM Finite element analysis Finite element method Geophysics Grounds InSAR Interferometric synthetic aperture radar Mathematical analysis Mathematical models Methodology modeling Modelling Modulation Radarsat Segments Seismic activity Sequencing Thrust
Title	New insights into the 2012 Emilia (Italy) seismic sequence through advanced numerical modeling of ground deformation InSAR measurements
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