Transmission and Reflection Mode Macroscopic X-ray Powder Diffraction Imaging for the Noninvasive Visualization of Paint Degradation in Still Life Paintings by Jan Davidsz. de Heem
The use of noninvasive chemical imaging techniques is becoming more widespread for the study of cultural heritage artifacts. Recently a mobile instrument for macroscopic X-ray powder diffraction (MA-XRPD) scanning was developed, which is capable of visualizing the distribution of crystalline (pigmen...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Analytical chemistry (Washington) Jg. 91; H. 11; S. 7153 |
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| Format: | Journal Article |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
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United States
04.06.2019
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| ISSN: | 1520-6882, 1520-6882 |
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| Abstract | The use of noninvasive chemical imaging techniques is becoming more widespread for the study of cultural heritage artifacts. Recently a mobile instrument for macroscopic X-ray powder diffraction (MA-XRPD) scanning was developed, which is capable of visualizing the distribution of crystalline (pigment) phases in quasi-flat-painted artifacts. In this study, MA-XRPD is used in both transmission and reflection mode for the analysis of three 17th century still life paintings, two paintings by Jan Davidsz. de Heem (1606-1684) and one copy painting after De Heem by an unknown artist. MA-XRPD allowed to reveal and map the presence of in situ-formed alteration products. In the works examined, two rare lead arsenate minerals, schultenite (PbHAsO
) and mimetite (Pb
(AsO
)
Cl), were encountered, both at and below the paint surface; they are considered to be degradation products of the pigments realgar (α-As
S
) and orpiment (As
S
). In transmission mode, the depletion of lead white, present in the (second) ground layer, could be seen, illustrating the intrusive nature of this degradation process. In reflection mode, several sulfate salts, palmierite (K
Pb(SO
)
), syngenite (K
Ca(SO
)
·H
O), and gypsum (CaSO
.2H
O), could be detected, in particular, at the (top) surface of the copy painting. Estimates for the information depth and sensitivity of both transmission and reflection mode MA-XRPD for various pigments have been made. The possibility of MA-XRPD to allow for noninvasive identification and visualization of alteration products is considered a significant advantage and unique feature of this method. MA-XRPD can thus provide highly relevant information for assessing the conservation state of artworks and could guide possible future restoration treatments. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | The use of noninvasive chemical imaging techniques is becoming more widespread for the study of cultural heritage artifacts. Recently a mobile instrument for macroscopic X-ray powder diffraction (MA-XRPD) scanning was developed, which is capable of visualizing the distribution of crystalline (pigment) phases in quasi-flat-painted artifacts. In this study, MA-XRPD is used in both transmission and reflection mode for the analysis of three 17th century still life paintings, two paintings by Jan Davidsz. de Heem (1606-1684) and one copy painting after De Heem by an unknown artist. MA-XRPD allowed to reveal and map the presence of in situ-formed alteration products. In the works examined, two rare lead arsenate minerals, schultenite (PbHAsO
) and mimetite (Pb
(AsO
)
Cl), were encountered, both at and below the paint surface; they are considered to be degradation products of the pigments realgar (α-As
S
) and orpiment (As
S
). In transmission mode, the depletion of lead white, present in the (second) ground layer, could be seen, illustrating the intrusive nature of this degradation process. In reflection mode, several sulfate salts, palmierite (K
Pb(SO
)
), syngenite (K
Ca(SO
)
·H
O), and gypsum (CaSO
.2H
O), could be detected, in particular, at the (top) surface of the copy painting. Estimates for the information depth and sensitivity of both transmission and reflection mode MA-XRPD for various pigments have been made. The possibility of MA-XRPD to allow for noninvasive identification and visualization of alteration products is considered a significant advantage and unique feature of this method. MA-XRPD can thus provide highly relevant information for assessing the conservation state of artworks and could guide possible future restoration treatments. The use of noninvasive chemical imaging techniques is becoming more widespread for the study of cultural heritage artifacts. Recently a mobile instrument for macroscopic X-ray powder diffraction (MA-XRPD) scanning was developed, which is capable of visualizing the distribution of crystalline (pigment) phases in quasi-flat-painted artifacts. In this study, MA-XRPD is used in both transmission and reflection mode for the analysis of three 17th century still life paintings, two paintings by Jan Davidsz. de Heem (1606-1684) and one copy painting after De Heem by an unknown artist. MA-XRPD allowed to reveal and map the presence of in situ-formed alteration products. In the works examined, two rare lead arsenate minerals, schultenite (PbHAsO4) and mimetite (Pb5(AsO4)3Cl), were encountered, both at and below the paint surface; they are considered to be degradation products of the pigments realgar (α-As4S4) and orpiment (As2S3). In transmission mode, the depletion of lead white, present in the (second) ground layer, could be seen, illustrating the intrusive nature of this degradation process. In reflection mode, several sulfate salts, palmierite (K2Pb(SO4)2), syngenite (K2Ca(SO4)2·H2O), and gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O), could be detected, in particular, at the (top) surface of the copy painting. Estimates for the information depth and sensitivity of both transmission and reflection mode MA-XRPD for various pigments have been made. The possibility of MA-XRPD to allow for noninvasive identification and visualization of alteration products is considered a significant advantage and unique feature of this method. MA-XRPD can thus provide highly relevant information for assessing the conservation state of artworks and could guide possible future restoration treatments.The use of noninvasive chemical imaging techniques is becoming more widespread for the study of cultural heritage artifacts. Recently a mobile instrument for macroscopic X-ray powder diffraction (MA-XRPD) scanning was developed, which is capable of visualizing the distribution of crystalline (pigment) phases in quasi-flat-painted artifacts. In this study, MA-XRPD is used in both transmission and reflection mode for the analysis of three 17th century still life paintings, two paintings by Jan Davidsz. de Heem (1606-1684) and one copy painting after De Heem by an unknown artist. MA-XRPD allowed to reveal and map the presence of in situ-formed alteration products. In the works examined, two rare lead arsenate minerals, schultenite (PbHAsO4) and mimetite (Pb5(AsO4)3Cl), were encountered, both at and below the paint surface; they are considered to be degradation products of the pigments realgar (α-As4S4) and orpiment (As2S3). In transmission mode, the depletion of lead white, present in the (second) ground layer, could be seen, illustrating the intrusive nature of this degradation process. In reflection mode, several sulfate salts, palmierite (K2Pb(SO4)2), syngenite (K2Ca(SO4)2·H2O), and gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O), could be detected, in particular, at the (top) surface of the copy painting. Estimates for the information depth and sensitivity of both transmission and reflection mode MA-XRPD for various pigments have been made. The possibility of MA-XRPD to allow for noninvasive identification and visualization of alteration products is considered a significant advantage and unique feature of this method. MA-XRPD can thus provide highly relevant information for assessing the conservation state of artworks and could guide possible future restoration treatments. |
| Author | Klaassen, Lizet de Keyser, Nouchka van Loon, Annelies Vanmeert, Frederik Noble, Petria Janssens, Koen |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Frederik orcidid: 0000-0003-1238-0189 surname: Vanmeert fullname: Vanmeert, Frederik organization: AXES Research Group, Department of Chemistry , University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171 , B-2020 Antwerp , Belgium – sequence: 2 givenname: Nouchka surname: de Keyser fullname: de Keyser, Nouchka organization: Paintings Conservation , Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp , Lange Kievitstraat 111-113 bus 100 , 2018 Antwerp , Belgium – sequence: 3 givenname: Annelies surname: van Loon fullname: van Loon, Annelies organization: Paintings Conservation , Rijksmuseum , Museumstraat 1 , 1071 XX Amsterdam , The Netherlands – sequence: 4 givenname: Lizet surname: Klaassen fullname: Klaassen, Lizet organization: Paintings Conservation , Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp , Lange Kievitstraat 111-113 bus 100 , 2018 Antwerp , Belgium – sequence: 5 givenname: Petria surname: Noble fullname: Noble, Petria organization: Paintings Conservation , Rijksmuseum , Museumstraat 1 , 1071 XX Amsterdam , The Netherlands – sequence: 6 givenname: Koen surname: Janssens fullname: Janssens, Koen organization: AXES Research Group, Department of Chemistry , University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171 , B-2020 Antwerp , Belgium |
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| Title | Transmission and Reflection Mode Macroscopic X-ray Powder Diffraction Imaging for the Noninvasive Visualization of Paint Degradation in Still Life Paintings by Jan Davidsz. de Heem |
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