Fiber Optic Measurement Techniques
This book is an indispensable collection of key optical measurement techniques essential for developing and characterizing today's photonic devices and fiber optic systems. Provided are comprehensive and systematic descriptions of various fiber optic measurement methods with the emphasis on the...
Uložené v:
| Hlavní autori: | , |
|---|---|
| Médium: | E-kniha Kniha |
| Jazyk: | English |
| Vydavateľské údaje: |
Amsterdam ; Tokyo
Elsevier
2009
Academic Press Elsevier Science & Technology Elsevier Academic Press |
| Vydanie: | 1 |
| Predmet: | |
| ISBN: | 9780123738653, 0123738652 |
| On-line prístup: | Získať plný text |
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Obsah:
- Title Page Preface Table of Contents 1. Fundamentals of Optical Devices 2. Basic Instrumentation for Optical Measurement 3. Characterization of Optical Devices 4. Optical Fiber Measurement 5. Optical System Performance Measurements Index
- 5.6.4 Characterization of Raman Crosstalk with Wide Channel Separation -- 5.7 Modulation Instability and Its Impact in WDM Optical Systems -- 5.7.1 Modulation-Instability and Transfer Matrix Formulation -- 5.7.2 Impact of Modulation Instability in Amplified Multispan Fiber Systems -- 5.7.3 Characterization of Modulation Instability in Fiber-Optic Systems -- 5.8 Optical System Performance Evaluation Based on Required OSNR -- 5.8.1 Measurement of R-SNR Due to Chromatic Dispersion -- 5.8.2 Measurement of R-SNR Due to Fiber Nonlinearity -- 5.8.3 Measurement of R-OSNR Due to Optical Filter Misalignment -- 5.9 Fiber-Optic Recirculating Loop -- 5.9.1 Operation Principle of a Recirculating Loop -- 5.9.2 Measurement Procedure and Time Control -- 5.9.3 Optical Gain Adjustment in the Loop -- References -- Index
- 4.3.3 Improvement Considerations of OTDR -- 4.4 Fiber Dispersion Measurements -- 4.4.1 Intermodal Dispersion and Its Measurement -- 4.4.2 Chromatic Dispersion and Its Measurement -- 4.5 Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) Measurement -- 4.5.1 Representation of Fiber Birefringence and PMD Parameter -- 4.5.2 Pulse Delay Method -- 4.5.3 The Interferometric Method -- 4.5.4 Poincare Arc Method -- 4.5.5 Fixed Analyzer Method -- 4.5.6 The Jones Matrix Method -- 4.5.7 The Mueller Matrix Method -- 4.6 Determination of Polarization-Dependent Loss -- 4.7 PMD Sources and Emulators -- 4.8 Measurement of Fiber Nonlinearity -- 4.8.1 Measurement of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Coefficient -- 4.8.2 Measurement of the Stimulated Raman Scattering Coefficient -- 4.8.3 Measurement of Kerr effect nonlinearity -- References -- Chapter 5: Optical System Performance Measurements -- 5.0 Introduction -- 5.1 Overview of Fiber-Optic Transmission Systems -- 5.1.1 Optical System Performance Considerations -- 5.1.2 Receiver BER and Q -- 5.1.3 System Q Estimation Based on Eye Diagram Parameterization -- 5.1.4 Bit Error Rate Testing -- 5.2 Receiver Sensitivity Measurement and OSNR Tolerance -- 5.2.1 Receiver Sensitivity and Power Margin -- 5.2.2 OSNR Margin and Required OSNR (R-OSNR) -- 5.2.3 BER vs. Decision Threshold Measurement -- 5.3 Waveform Distortion Measurements -- 5.4 Jitter Measurement -- 5.4.1 Basic Jitter Parameters and Definitions -- 5.4.2 Jitter Detection Techniques -- 5.5 In-situ Monitoring of Linear Propagation Impairments -- 5.5.1 In Situ Monitoring of Chromatic Dispersion -- 5.5.2 In Situ PMD Monitoring -- 5.5.3 In Situ PDL Monitoring -- 5.6 Measurement of Nonlinear Crosstalk in Multi-Span WDM Systems -- 5.6.1 XPM-Induced Intensity Modulation in IMDD Optical Systems -- 5.6.2 XPM-Induced Phase Modulation -- 5.6.3 FWM-Induced Crosstalk in IMDD Optical Systems
- 3.1.1 Measurement of Relative Intensity Noise (RIN) -- 3.1.2 Measurement of Laser Phase Noise and Linewidth -- 3.2 Measurement of Electro-Optic Modulation Response -- 3.2.1 Characterization of Intensity Modulation Response -- 3.2.2 Measurement of Frequency Chirp -- 3.2.3 Time-Domain Measurement of Modulation-Induced Chirp -- 3.3 Wideband Characterization of an Optical Receiver -- 3.3.1 Characterization of Photodetector Responsivity and Linearity -- 3.3.2 Frequency Domain Characterization of Photodetector Response -- 3.3.3 Photodetector Bandwidth Characterization Using Source Spontaneous-Spontaneous Beat Noise -- 3.3.4 Photodetector Characterization Using Short Optical Pulses -- 3.4 Characterization of Optical Amplifiers -- 3.4.1 Measurement of Amplifier Optical Gain -- 3.4.2 Measurement of Static and Dynamic Gain Tilt -- 3.4.3 Optical Amplifier Noise -- 3.4.4 Optical Domain Characterization of ASE Noise -- 3.4.5 Impact of ASE Noise in Electrical Domain -- 3.4.6 Noise Figure Definition and Its Measurement -- 3.4.7 Time-Domain Characteristics of EDFA -- 3.5 Characterization of Passive Optical Components -- 3.5.1 Fiber-Optic Couplers -- 3.5.2 Fiber Bragg Grating Filters -- 3.5.3 WDM Multiplexers and Demultiplexers -- 3.5.4 Characterization of Optical Filter Transfer Functions -- 3.5.5 Optical Isolators and Circulators -- References -- Chapter 4: Optical Fiber Measurement -- 4.0 Introduction -- 4.1 Classification of Fiber Types -- 4.1.1 Standard Optical Fibers for Transmission -- 4.1.2 Specialty Optical Fibers -- 4.2 Measurement of Fiber Mode-Field Distribution -- 4.2.1 Near-Field, Far-Field, and Mode-Field Diameter -- 4.2.2 Far-Field Measurement Techniques -- 4.2.3 Near-Field Measurement Techniques -- 4.3 Fiber Attenuation Measurement and OTDR -- 4.3.1 Cutback Technique -- 4.3.2 Optical Time-Domain Reflectometers
- Front Cover -- Fiber Optic Measurement Techniques -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- About the Author -- Constants -- Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Optical Devices -- 1.0 Introduction -- 1.1 Laser Diodes and LEDs -- 1.1.1 Pn Junction and Energy Diagram -- 1.1.2 Direct and Indirect Semiconductors -- 1.1.3 Carrier Confinement -- 1.1.4 Spontaneous Emission and Stimulated Emission -- 1.1.5 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) -- 1.1.6 Laser Diodes (LDs) -- 1.1.7 Single-Frequency Semiconductor Lasers -- 1.2 Photodetectors -- 1.2.1 Pn-Junction Photodiodes -- 1.2.2 Responsivity and Bandwidth -- 1.2.3 Electrical Characteristics of a Photodiode -- 1.2.4 Photodetector Noise and SNR -- 1.2.5 Avalanche Photodiodes (APDs) -- 1.3 Optical Fibers -- 1.3.1 Reflection and Refraction -- 1.3.2 Propagation Modes in Optical Fibers -- 1.3.3 Optical Fiber Attenuation -- 1.3.4 Group Velocity and Dispersion -- 1.3.5 Nonlinear Effects in an Optical Fiber -- 1.4 Optical Amplifiers -- 1.4.1 Optical Gain, Gain Bandwidth, and Saturation -- 1.4.2 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers -- 1.4.3 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs) -- 1.5 External Electro-Optic Modulator -- 1.5.1 Basic Operation Principle of Electro-Optic Modulators -- 1.5.2 Frequency Doubling and Duo-Binary Modulation -- 1.5.3 Optical Single-Side Modulation -- 1.5.4 Optical Modulators Using Electro-Absorption Effect -- References -- Chapter 2: Basic Instrumentation for Optical Measurement -- 2.0 Introduction -- 2.1 Grating-Based Optical Spectrum Analyzers -- 2.1.1 General Specifications -- 2.1.2 Fundamentals of Diffraction Gratings -- 2.1.3 Basic OSA Configurations -- 2.2 Scanning FP Interferometer -- 2.2.1 Basic FPI Configuration and Transfer Function -- 2.2.2 Scanning FPI Spectrum Analyzer -- 2.2.3 Scanning FPI Basic Optical Configurations
- 2.2.4 Optical Spectrum Analyzer Using the Combination of Grating and FPI -- 2.3 Mach-Zehnder Interferometers -- 2.3.1 Transfer Matrix of a 2x2 Optical Coupler -- 2.3.2 Transfer Function of an MZI -- 2.3.3 MZI Used as an Optical Filter -- 2.4 Michelson Interferometers -- 2.4.1 Operating Principle of a Michelson Interferometer -- 2.4.2 Measurement and Characterization of Michelson Interferometers -- 2.4.3 Techniques to Increase Frequency Selectivity -- 2.5 Optical Wavelength Meter -- 2.5.1 Operating Principle of a Wavelength Meter Basedon Michelson Interferometer -- 2.5.2 Wavelength Coverage and Spectral Resolution -- 2.5.3 Wavelength Calibration -- 2.5.4 Wavelength Meter Based on Fizeau WedgeInterferometer -- 2.6 Optical Polarimeter -- 2.6.1 General Description of Lightwave Polarization -- 2.6.2 The Stokes Parameters and the Poincare Sphere -- 2.6.3 Optical Polarimeters -- 2.7 Measurement Based on Coherent Optical Detection -- 2.7.1 Operating Principle -- 2.7.2 Receiver SNR Calculation of Coherent Detection -- 2.7.3 Balanced Coherent Detection and PolarizationDiversity -- 2.7.4 Phase Diversity in Coherent HomodyneDetection -- 2.7.5 Coherent OSA Based on Swept Frequency Laser -- 2.8 Waveform Measurement -- 2.8.1 Oscilloscope Operating Principle -- 2.8.2 Digital Sampling Oscilloscopes -- 2.8.3 High-Speed Sampling of Optical Signal -- 2.8.4 High-Speed Electric ADC Using OpticalTechniques -- 2.8.5 Short Optical Pulse Measurement Usingan Autocorrelator -- 2.9 Optical Low-Coherent Interferometry -- 2.9.1 Optical Low-Coherence Reflectometry -- 2.9.2 Fourier-Domain Reflectometry -- 2.10 Optical Network Analyzer -- 2.10.1 S-Parameters and RF Network Analyzer -- 2.10.2 Optical Network Analyzers -- References -- Chapter 3: Characterization of Optical Devices -- 3.0 Introduction -- 3.1 Characterization of RIN and Linewidth of Semiconductor Lasers