ExosomesNature’s Lipid Nanoparticles, a Rising Star in Drug Delivery and Diagnostics

Exosomes are a subgroup of nanosized extracellular vesicles enclosed by a lipid bilayer membrane and secreted by most eukaryotic cells. They represent a route of intercellular communication and participate in a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes. The biological roles of exosome...

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Published in:ACS nano Vol. 16; no. 11; pp. 17802 - 17846
Main Authors: Tenchov, Rumiana, Sasso, Janet M., Wang, Xinmei, Liaw, Wen-Shing, Chen, Chun-An, Zhou, Qiongqiong Angela
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: United States American Chemical Society 22.11.2022
Subjects:
Drug Delivery Systems - methods
Exosomes - metabolism
Liposomes - metabolism
Nanoparticles
Review
diagnostics
therapeutics
blood−brain barrier
nanoparticle
nanocarrier
drug delivery
biomarker
exosome
extracellular vesicle
ISSN:1936-0851, 1936-086X, 1936-086X
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:Exosomes are a subgroup of nanosized extracellular vesicles enclosed by a lipid bilayer membrane and secreted by most eukaryotic cells. They represent a route of intercellular communication and participate in a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes. The biological roles of exosomes rely on their bioactive cargos, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, which are delivered to target cells. Their distinctive propertiesinnate stability, low immunogenicity, biocompatibility, and good biomembrane penetration capacityallow them to function as superior natural nanocarriers for efficient drug delivery. Another notably favorable clinical application of exosomes is in diagnostics. They hold various biomolecules from host cells, which are indicative of pathophysiological conditions; therefore, they are considered vital for biomarker discovery in clinical diagnostics. Here, we use data from the CAS Content Collection and provide a landscape overview of the current state and delineate trends in research advancement on exosome applications in therapeutics and diagnostics across time, geography, composition, cargo loading, and development pipelines. We discuss exosome composition and pathway, from their biogenesis and secretion from host cells to recipient cell uptake. We assess methods for exosome isolation and purification, their clinical applications in therapy and diagnostics, their development pipelines, the exploration goals of the companies, the assortment of diseases they aim to treat, development stages of their research, and publication trends. We hope this review will be useful for understanding the current knowledge in the field of medical applications of exosomes, in an effort to further solve the remaining challenges in fulfilling their potential.
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ISSN:1936-0851
1936-086X
1936-086X
DOI:10.1021/acsnano.2c08774