Unraveling the Structure and Function of Melanin through Synthesis
Melanin is ubiquitous in living organisms across different biological kingdoms of life, making it an important, natural biomaterial. Its presence in nature from microorganisms to higher animals and plants is attributed to the many functions of melanin, including pigmentation, radical scavenging, rad...
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| Vydáno v: | Journal of the American Chemical Society Ročník 143; číslo 7; s. 2622 |
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| Hlavní autoři: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Vydáno: |
United States
24.02.2021
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| ISSN: | 1520-5126, 1520-5126 |
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| Abstract | Melanin is ubiquitous in living organisms across different biological kingdoms of life, making it an important, natural biomaterial. Its presence in nature from microorganisms to higher animals and plants is attributed to the many functions of melanin, including pigmentation, radical scavenging, radiation protection, and thermal regulation. Generally, melanin is classified into five types-eumelanin, pheomelanin, neuromelanin, allomelanin, and pyomelanin-based on the various chemical precursors used in their biosynthesis. Despite its long history of study, the exact chemical makeup of melanin remains unclear, and it moreover has an inherent diversity and complexity of chemical structure, likely including many functions and properties that remain to be identified. Synthetic mimics have begun to play a broader role in unraveling structure and function relationships of natural melanins. In the past decade, polydopamine, which has served as the conventional form of synthetic eumelanin, has dominated the literature on melanin-based materials, while the synthetic analogues of other melanins have received far less attention. In this perspective, we will discuss the synthesis of melanin materials with a special focus beyond polydopamine. We will emphasize efforts to elucidate biosynthetic pathways and structural characterization approaches that can be harnessed to interrogate specific structure-function relationships, including electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy. We believe that this timely Perspective will introduce this class of biopolymer to the broader chemistry community, where we hope to stimulate new opportunities in novel, melanin-based poly-functional synthetic materials. |
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| AbstractList | Melanin is ubiquitous in living organisms across different biological kingdoms of life, making it an important, natural biomaterial. Its presence in nature from microorganisms to higher animals and plants is attributed to the many functions of melanin, including pigmentation, radical scavenging, radiation protection, and thermal regulation. Generally, melanin is classified into five types-eumelanin, pheomelanin, neuromelanin, allomelanin, and pyomelanin-based on the various chemical precursors used in their biosynthesis. Despite its long history of study, the exact chemical makeup of melanin remains unclear, and it moreover has an inherent diversity and complexity of chemical structure, likely including many functions and properties that remain to be identified. Synthetic mimics have begun to play a broader role in unraveling structure and function relationships of natural melanins. In the past decade, polydopamine, which has served as the conventional form of synthetic eumelanin, has dominated the literature on melanin-based materials, while the synthetic analogues of other melanins have received far less attention. In this perspective, we will discuss the synthesis of melanin materials with a special focus beyond polydopamine. We will emphasize efforts to elucidate biosynthetic pathways and structural characterization approaches that can be harnessed to interrogate specific structure-function relationships, including electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy. We believe that this timely Perspective will introduce this class of biopolymer to the broader chemistry community, where we hope to stimulate new opportunities in novel, melanin-based poly-functional synthetic materials.Melanin is ubiquitous in living organisms across different biological kingdoms of life, making it an important, natural biomaterial. Its presence in nature from microorganisms to higher animals and plants is attributed to the many functions of melanin, including pigmentation, radical scavenging, radiation protection, and thermal regulation. Generally, melanin is classified into five types-eumelanin, pheomelanin, neuromelanin, allomelanin, and pyomelanin-based on the various chemical precursors used in their biosynthesis. Despite its long history of study, the exact chemical makeup of melanin remains unclear, and it moreover has an inherent diversity and complexity of chemical structure, likely including many functions and properties that remain to be identified. Synthetic mimics have begun to play a broader role in unraveling structure and function relationships of natural melanins. In the past decade, polydopamine, which has served as the conventional form of synthetic eumelanin, has dominated the literature on melanin-based materials, while the synthetic analogues of other melanins have received far less attention. In this perspective, we will discuss the synthesis of melanin materials with a special focus beyond polydopamine. We will emphasize efforts to elucidate biosynthetic pathways and structural characterization approaches that can be harnessed to interrogate specific structure-function relationships, including electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy. We believe that this timely Perspective will introduce this class of biopolymer to the broader chemistry community, where we hope to stimulate new opportunities in novel, melanin-based poly-functional synthetic materials. Melanin is ubiquitous in living organisms across different biological kingdoms of life, making it an important, natural biomaterial. Its presence in nature from microorganisms to higher animals and plants is attributed to the many functions of melanin, including pigmentation, radical scavenging, radiation protection, and thermal regulation. Generally, melanin is classified into five types-eumelanin, pheomelanin, neuromelanin, allomelanin, and pyomelanin-based on the various chemical precursors used in their biosynthesis. Despite its long history of study, the exact chemical makeup of melanin remains unclear, and it moreover has an inherent diversity and complexity of chemical structure, likely including many functions and properties that remain to be identified. Synthetic mimics have begun to play a broader role in unraveling structure and function relationships of natural melanins. In the past decade, polydopamine, which has served as the conventional form of synthetic eumelanin, has dominated the literature on melanin-based materials, while the synthetic analogues of other melanins have received far less attention. In this perspective, we will discuss the synthesis of melanin materials with a special focus beyond polydopamine. We will emphasize efforts to elucidate biosynthetic pathways and structural characterization approaches that can be harnessed to interrogate specific structure-function relationships, including electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy. We believe that this timely Perspective will introduce this class of biopolymer to the broader chemistry community, where we hope to stimulate new opportunities in novel, melanin-based poly-functional synthetic materials. |
| Author | Kapoor, Utkarsh Rinehart, Jeffrey D Shawkey, Matthew D Deheyn, Dimitri D Heil, Christian M Cao, Wei Hu, Ziying Gianneschi, Nathan C Cay, Kristine S Dhinojwala, Ali McCallum, Naneki C Ni, Qing Zhe Jayaraman, Arthi Mantanona, Alex J Zand, Tara Zhou, Xuhao Burkart, Michael D |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Wei orcidid: 0000-0002-5048-7991 surname: Cao fullname: Cao, Wei – sequence: 2 givenname: Xuhao orcidid: 0000-0002-7181-607X surname: Zhou fullname: Zhou, Xuhao – sequence: 3 givenname: Naneki C orcidid: 0000-0001-9210-3493 surname: McCallum fullname: McCallum, Naneki C – sequence: 4 givenname: Ziying surname: Hu fullname: Hu, Ziying – sequence: 5 givenname: Qing Zhe surname: Ni fullname: Ni, Qing Zhe organization: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States – sequence: 6 givenname: Utkarsh surname: Kapoor fullname: Kapoor, Utkarsh organization: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Colburn Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States – sequence: 7 givenname: Christian M surname: Heil fullname: Heil, Christian M organization: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Colburn Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States – sequence: 8 givenname: Kristine S surname: Cay fullname: Cay, Kristine S organization: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States – sequence: 9 givenname: Tara surname: Zand fullname: Zand, Tara organization: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States – sequence: 10 givenname: Alex J surname: Mantanona fullname: Mantanona, Alex J organization: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States – sequence: 11 givenname: Arthi orcidid: 0000-0002-5295-4581 surname: Jayaraman fullname: Jayaraman, Arthi organization: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Colburn Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States – sequence: 12 givenname: Ali orcidid: 0000-0002-3935-7467 surname: Dhinojwala fullname: Dhinojwala, Ali organization: Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States – sequence: 13 givenname: Dimitri D surname: Deheyn fullname: Deheyn, Dimitri D organization: Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California 92093-0202, United States – sequence: 14 givenname: Matthew D surname: Shawkey fullname: Shawkey, Matthew D organization: Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, The University of Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium – sequence: 15 givenname: Michael D orcidid: 0000-0002-4472-2254 surname: Burkart fullname: Burkart, Michael D organization: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States – sequence: 16 givenname: Jeffrey D orcidid: 0000-0002-5478-1995 surname: Rinehart fullname: Rinehart, Jeffrey D organization: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States – sequence: 17 givenname: Nathan C orcidid: 0000-0001-9945-5475 surname: Gianneschi fullname: Gianneschi, Nathan C organization: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33560127$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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