Wildfire Smoke Cools Summer River and Stream Water Temperatures

To test the hypothesis that wildfire smoke can cool summer river and stream water temperatures by attenuating solar radiation and air temperature, we analyzed data on summer wildfire smoke, solar radiation, air temperatures, precipitation, river discharge, and water temperatures in the lower Klamath...

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Vydáno v:	Water resources research Ročník 54; číslo 10; s. 7273 - 7290
Hlavní autoři:	David, Aaron T., Asarian, J. Eli, Lake, Frank K.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Washington John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.10.2018
Témata:	aerosol optical thickness aerosols air Air temperature automation California combustion Cooling Cooling effects Creeks & streams data collection Data processing heat Imagery Klamath River Basin Optical thickness Precipitation Radiation remote sensing Riparian vegetation River basins River discharge River flow Rivers rivers and streams Satellite imagery Satellites Sky Smoke Solar radiation Spaceborne remote sensing Stream water streams Summer Water Water discharge Water temperature watersheds Weather effects Weather stations wildfire smoke Wildfires California
ISSN:	0043-1397, 1944-7973
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Abstract	To test the hypothesis that wildfire smoke can cool summer river and stream water temperatures by attenuating solar radiation and air temperature, we analyzed data on summer wildfire smoke, solar radiation, air temperatures, precipitation, river discharge, and water temperatures in the lower Klamath River Basin in Northern California. Previous studies have focused on the effect of combustion heat on water temperatures during fires and the effect of riparian vegetation losses on postfire water temperatures, but we know of no studies of the effects of wildfire smoke on river or stream water temperatures. Wildfire smoke is difficult to quantify, but we successfully used a newly available daily high‐resolution (1 km) data set of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) derived from satellite imagery to represent smoke density during 6 years with extensive wildfire activity (2006, 2008, and 2012–2015). Smoke reduced solar radiation by 121 W m−2 per 1.0 AOT relative to clear‐sky conditions. Linear mixed‐effects models showed that on average, smoke cooled daily maximum and mean air temperatures by 0.98 °C and 0.47 °C per 1.0 AOT, respectively, across 19 remote automated weather stations. Smoke had a cooling effect on water temperatures at all 12 river and stream locations analyzed. On average, smoke cooled daily maximum and mean water temperatures by 1.32 °C and 0.74 °C per 1.0 AOT, respectively. This smoke‐induced cooling has the potential to benefit cold‐water adapted species, particularly because wildfires are more likely to occur during the warmest and driest years and seasons. Key Points Wildfire smoke cools river and stream water temperatures by reducing solar radiation and cooling air temperatures For both air and water, smoke has a greater cooling effect on daily maximum temperatures than daily mean temperatures This smoke‐induced cooling has the potential to benefit cold‐water adapted species in fire‐prone watersheds
AbstractList	To test the hypothesis that wildfire smoke can cool summer river and stream water temperatures by attenuating solar radiation and air temperature, we analyzed data on summer wildfire smoke, solar radiation, air temperatures, precipitation, river discharge, and water temperatures in the lower Klamath River Basin in Northern California. Previous studies have focused on the effect of combustion heat on water temperatures during fires and the effect of riparian vegetation losses on postfire water temperatures, but we know of no studies of the effects of wildfire smoke on river or stream water temperatures. Wildfire smoke is difficult to quantify, but we successfully used a newly available daily high‐resolution (1 km) data set of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) derived from satellite imagery to represent smoke density during 6 years with extensive wildfire activity (2006, 2008, and 2012–2015). Smoke reduced solar radiation by 121 W m −2 per 1.0 AOT relative to clear‐sky conditions. Linear mixed‐effects models showed that on average, smoke cooled daily maximum and mean air temperatures by 0.98 °C and 0.47 °C per 1.0 AOT, respectively, across 19 remote automated weather stations. Smoke had a cooling effect on water temperatures at all 12 river and stream locations analyzed. On average, smoke cooled daily maximum and mean water temperatures by 1.32 °C and 0.74 °C per 1.0 AOT, respectively. This smoke‐induced cooling has the potential to benefit cold‐water adapted species, particularly because wildfires are more likely to occur during the warmest and driest years and seasons. Wildfire smoke cools river and stream water temperatures by reducing solar radiation and cooling air temperatures For both air and water, smoke has a greater cooling effect on daily maximum temperatures than daily mean temperatures This smoke‐induced cooling has the potential to benefit cold‐water adapted species in fire‐prone watersheds To test the hypothesis that wildfire smoke can cool summer river and stream water temperatures by attenuating solar radiation and air temperature, we analyzed data on summer wildfire smoke, solar radiation, air temperatures, precipitation, river discharge, and water temperatures in the lower Klamath River Basin in Northern California. Previous studies have focused on the effect of combustion heat on water temperatures during fires and the effect of riparian vegetation losses on postfire water temperatures, but we know of no studies of the effects of wildfire smoke on river or stream water temperatures. Wildfire smoke is difficult to quantify, but we successfully used a newly available daily high‐resolution (1 km) data set of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) derived from satellite imagery to represent smoke density during 6 years with extensive wildfire activity (2006, 2008, and 2012–2015). Smoke reduced solar radiation by 121 W m−2 per 1.0 AOT relative to clear‐sky conditions. Linear mixed‐effects models showed that on average, smoke cooled daily maximum and mean air temperatures by 0.98 °C and 0.47 °C per 1.0 AOT, respectively, across 19 remote automated weather stations. Smoke had a cooling effect on water temperatures at all 12 river and stream locations analyzed. On average, smoke cooled daily maximum and mean water temperatures by 1.32 °C and 0.74 °C per 1.0 AOT, respectively. This smoke‐induced cooling has the potential to benefit cold‐water adapted species, particularly because wildfires are more likely to occur during the warmest and driest years and seasons. To test the hypothesis that wildfire smoke can cool summer river and stream water temperatures by attenuating solar radiation and air temperature, we analyzed data on summer wildfire smoke, solar radiation, air temperatures, precipitation, river discharge, and water temperatures in the lower Klamath River Basin in Northern California. Previous studies have focused on the effect of combustion heat on water temperatures during fires and the effect of riparian vegetation losses on postfire water temperatures, but we know of no studies of the effects of wildfire smoke on river or stream water temperatures. Wildfire smoke is difficult to quantify, but we successfully used a newly available daily high‐resolution (1 km) data set of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) derived from satellite imagery to represent smoke density during 6 years with extensive wildfire activity (2006, 2008, and 2012–2015). Smoke reduced solar radiation by 121 W m⁻² per 1.0 AOT relative to clear‐sky conditions. Linear mixed‐effects models showed that on average, smoke cooled daily maximum and mean air temperatures by 0.98 °C and 0.47 °C per 1.0 AOT, respectively, across 19 remote automated weather stations. Smoke had a cooling effect on water temperatures at all 12 river and stream locations analyzed. On average, smoke cooled daily maximum and mean water temperatures by 1.32 °C and 0.74 °C per 1.0 AOT, respectively. This smoke‐induced cooling has the potential to benefit cold‐water adapted species, particularly because wildfires are more likely to occur during the warmest and driest years and seasons. To test the hypothesis that wildfire smoke can cool summer river and stream water temperatures by attenuating solar radiation and air temperature, we analyzed data on summer wildfire smoke, solar radiation, air temperatures, precipitation, river discharge, and water temperatures in the lower Klamath River Basin in Northern California. Previous studies have focused on the effect of combustion heat on water temperatures during fires and the effect of riparian vegetation losses on postfire water temperatures, but we know of no studies of the effects of wildfire smoke on river or stream water temperatures. Wildfire smoke is difficult to quantify, but we successfully used a newly available daily high‐resolution (1 km) data set of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) derived from satellite imagery to represent smoke density during 6 years with extensive wildfire activity (2006, 2008, and 2012–2015). Smoke reduced solar radiation by 121 W m−2 per 1.0 AOT relative to clear‐sky conditions. Linear mixed‐effects models showed that on average, smoke cooled daily maximum and mean air temperatures by 0.98 °C and 0.47 °C per 1.0 AOT, respectively, across 19 remote automated weather stations. Smoke had a cooling effect on water temperatures at all 12 river and stream locations analyzed. On average, smoke cooled daily maximum and mean water temperatures by 1.32 °C and 0.74 °C per 1.0 AOT, respectively. This smoke‐induced cooling has the potential to benefit cold‐water adapted species, particularly because wildfires are more likely to occur during the warmest and driest years and seasons. Key Points Wildfire smoke cools river and stream water temperatures by reducing solar radiation and cooling air temperatures For both air and water, smoke has a greater cooling effect on daily maximum temperatures than daily mean temperatures This smoke‐induced cooling has the potential to benefit cold‐water adapted species in fire‐prone watersheds
Author	Asarian, J. Eli David, Aaron T. Lake, Frank K.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Aaron T. orcidid: 0000-0003-1417-8208 surname: David fullname: David, Aaron T. email: aarontdavid@yahoo.com organization: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service – sequence: 2 givenname: J. Eli orcidid: 0000-0003-0177-1416 surname: Asarian fullname: Asarian, J. Eli organization: Riverbend Sciences – sequence: 3 givenname: Frank K. orcidid: 0000-0003-3112-1086 surname: Lake fullname: Lake, Frank K. organization: U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Orleans Ranger Station
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Copyright	2018. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. 2018. American Geophysical Union. All rights reserved.
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Snippet	To test the hypothesis that wildfire smoke can cool summer river and stream water temperatures by attenuating solar radiation and air temperature, we analyzed...
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SubjectTerms	aerosol optical thickness aerosols air Air temperature automation California combustion Cooling Cooling effects Creeks & streams data collection Data processing heat Imagery Klamath River Basin Optical thickness Precipitation Radiation remote sensing Riparian vegetation River basins River discharge River flow Rivers rivers and streams Satellite imagery Satellites Sky Smoke Solar radiation Spaceborne remote sensing Stream water streams Summer Water Water discharge Water temperature watersheds Weather effects Weather stations wildfire smoke Wildfires
Title	Wildfire Smoke Cools Summer River and Stream Water Temperatures
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