Metallurgy at the Crossroads: New Analyses of Copper‐based Objects at Tianshanbeilu, Eastern Xinjiang, China
Tianshanbeilu is the largest Bronze Age site in eastern Xinjiang, China. Stretching across the entire second millennium BC, it performed a prominent role in connecting the Hexi corridor, Central China and the steppe. A further insight into the metallurgical tradition and the metal supply network is...
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| Abstract | Tianshanbeilu is the largest Bronze Age site in eastern Xinjiang, China. Stretching across the entire second millennium BC, it performed a prominent role in connecting the Hexi corridor, Central China and the steppe. A further insight into the metallurgical tradition and the metal supply network is of vital importance to improve our understanding of its multi‐connected nature. This paper offers a new set of chemical and isotopic data on the copper‐based objects at Tianshanbeilu, including alloying elements, trace elements (impurities) and lead isotopes. Combining the concentrations of arsenic and antimony reveals that arsenic was introduced to copper partially due to the use of specific minerals tethrahedrite‐tennantite. Lead isotopes demonstrate that multiple sources of copper were employed at Tianshanbeilu and a majority of them are characterized by common lead, which appears rather different from those of the Central Plains and the Hexi corridor, but highly consistent with local ores. Surprisingly, one object at Tianshanbeilu contains the well‐known highly radiogenic lead. This object undoubtedly marks the westernmost boundary of the distribution of the highly radiogenic lead. We also anticipate that more lead isotopic analyses in NW China will further contribute to the study of the highly radiogenic lead in Central China. |
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| AbstractList | Tianshanbeilu is the largest Bronze Age site in eastern Xinjiang, China. Stretching across the entire second millennium BC, it performed a prominent role in connecting the Hexi corridor, Central China and the steppe. A further insight into the metallurgical tradition and the metal supply network is of vital importance to improve our understanding of its multi‐connected nature. This paper offers a new set of chemical and isotopic data on the copper‐based objects at Tianshanbeilu, including alloying elements, trace elements (impurities) and lead isotopes. Combining the concentrations of arsenic and antimony reveals that arsenic was introduced to copper partially due to the use of specific minerals tethrahedrite‐tennantite. Lead isotopes demonstrate that multiple sources of copper were employed at Tianshanbeilu and a majority of them are characterized by common lead, which appears rather different from those of the Central Plains and the Hexi corridor, but highly consistent with local ores. Surprisingly, one object at Tianshanbeilu contains the well‐known highly radiogenic lead. This object undoubtedly marks the westernmost boundary of the distribution of the highly radiogenic lead. We also anticipate that more lead isotopic analyses in NW China will further contribute to the study of the highly radiogenic lead in Central China. |
| Author | YANG, Zengxin POLLARD, A. Mark HOMMEL, Peter LIU, Ruiliang LU, Chun BRAY, Peter ZHOU, Pengcheng CUI, Jianfeng TONG, Jianyi RAWSON, Jessica LIU, Cheng MA, Jian |
| AuthorAffiliation | School of Cultural Heritage,Northwest University,Xi'an 710069,China%Research Center of Material Science and Archaeology,NPU Institute of Culture and Heritage,Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi'an 710072,China;School of Archaeology,University of Oxford,Oxford,UK(OX13TG%Xi'an Museum,Xi'an 710068,China%Shandong University of Finance and Economics Library,Jinan 250012,China%School of Electronic Engineering,Xidian University,Xi'an 710068,China%School of Archaeology,University of Oxford,Oxford,UK(OX13TG%Department of Archaeology,Classics and Egyptology,University of Liverpool,Liverpool,UK(L77BD%School of Archaeology and Museology,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China%British Museum,London,UK(WC1B 3DG;0 Department of Archaeology,University of Reading,Reading,UK(RG66AB |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: School of Cultural Heritage,Northwest University,Xi'an 710069,China%Research Center of Material Science and Archaeology,NPU Institute of Culture and Heritage,Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi'an 710072,China;School of Archaeology,University of Oxford,Oxford,UK(OX13TG%Xi'an Museum,Xi'an 710068,China%Shandong University of Finance and Economics Library,Jinan 250012,China%School of Electronic Engineering,Xidian University,Xi'an 710068,China%School of Archaeology,University of Oxford,Oxford,UK(OX13TG%Department of Archaeology,Classics and Egyptology,University of Liverpool,Liverpool,UK(L77BD%School of Archaeology and Museology,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China%British Museum,London,UK(WC1B 3DG;0 Department of Archaeology,University of Reading,Reading,UK(RG66AB |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Cheng surname: LIU fullname: LIU, Cheng organization: Northwest University – sequence: 2 givenname: Ruiliang surname: LIU fullname: LIU, Ruiliang email: ruiliang.liu@arch.ox.ac.uk organization: University of Oxford – sequence: 3 givenname: Pengcheng surname: ZHOU fullname: ZHOU, Pengcheng organization: Xi'an Museum – sequence: 4 givenname: Chun surname: LU fullname: LU, Chun organization: Shandong University of Finance and Economics Library – sequence: 5 givenname: Zengxin surname: YANG fullname: YANG, Zengxin organization: Xidian University – sequence: 6 givenname: A. Mark surname: POLLARD fullname: POLLARD, A. Mark organization: University of Oxford – sequence: 7 givenname: Peter surname: HOMMEL fullname: HOMMEL, Peter organization: University of Liverpool – sequence: 8 givenname: Jian surname: MA fullname: MA, Jian organization: Northwest University – sequence: 9 givenname: Jianfeng surname: CUI fullname: CUI, Jianfeng organization: Peking University – sequence: 10 givenname: Peter surname: BRAY fullname: BRAY, Peter organization: University of Reading – sequence: 11 givenname: Jianyi surname: TONG fullname: TONG, Jianyi organization: Northwest University – sequence: 12 givenname: Jessica surname: RAWSON fullname: RAWSON, Jessica organization: University of Oxford |
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| Keywords | metallurgy Tianshanbeilu highly radiogenic lead chemical and isotopic analysis |
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| Notes | phone: +44 01865 285219 About the corresponding author About the first author liucheng@nwu.edu.cn LIU Ruiliang, male, born in 1988 in Ji'nan City, Shandong Province; Ph.D, graduated from the University of Oxford; Junior Research Fellow in Wolfson College and postdoctoral researcher in the School of Archaeology, University of Oxford. He is interested in archaeometallurgy, radiocarbon dating and east‐east communication in antiquity. Email LIU Cheng, male, born in 1964 in Shanghai; Master; graduated from Northwest University, China; associated professor of the School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, China. He is now interested archaeological and conservation science. Email ruiliang.Liu@arch.ox.ac.uk phone: +86 13772137915. ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 |
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| PublicationDate | June 2020 |
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| PublicationTitle | Acta geologica Sinica (Beijing) |
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In: Chinese National Museum, and School of Archaeology and Museology Beijing University (eds.). Essay Collection of Yuweichao. year: 2009 ident: e_1_2_2_26_1 – start-page: 5 volume-title: Bridging Eurasia year: 2010 ident: e_1_2_2_43_1 – start-page: 115 volume-title: Beyond Provenance: New Approaches to Interpreting the Chemistry of Archaeological Copper Alloys year: 2018 ident: e_1_2_2_41_1 doi: 10.2307/j.ctv7xbs5r.8 – ident: e_1_2_2_9_1 doi: 10.1111/arcm.12566 – volume: 01 start-page: 1 year: 1993 ident: e_1_2_2_45_1 article-title: Comparison of archaeological cultures in Bronze Age Xinjiang publication-title: Guoxue Yanjiu – ident: e_1_2_2_5_1 doi: 10.1017/RDC.2017.108 – ident: e_1_2_2_31_1 doi: 10.1016/j.ara.2015.04.002 – volume: 00 start-page: 1 year: 2017 ident: e_1_2_2_48_1 article-title: Tianshanbeilu and the Isotopic Millet Road: reviewing the late Neolithic/Bronze Age radiation of human millet consumption from north China to Europe publication-title: National Science Review – ident: e_1_2_2_21_1 doi: 10.15184/aqy.2017.149 – ident: e_1_2_2_32_1 doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-30275-2 – ident: e_1_2_2_38_1 doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2015.02.026 – start-page: 171 volume-title: Ancient interactions: east and west in Eurasia year: 2002 ident: e_1_2_2_24_1 – start-page: 1 volume-title: Nomadic cultures in the megastructure of the Eurasian World (Trans. I. Savinetskaya and P. Hommel) year: 2017 ident: e_1_2_2_12_1 |
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| Snippet | Tianshanbeilu is the largest Bronze Age site in eastern Xinjiang, China. Stretching across the entire second millennium BC, it performed a prominent role in... |
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| SubjectTerms | Alloying elements Antimony Arsenic Bronze Age chemical and isotopic analysis Connecting Copper Heavy metals highly radiogenic lead Historical metallurgy Impurities Isotopes Lead isotopes Metallurgy Minerals Ores Steppes Tianshanbeilu Trace elements |
| Title | Metallurgy at the Crossroads: New Analyses of Copper‐based Objects at Tianshanbeilu, Eastern Xinjiang, China |
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