Combustion Engineering Issues for Solid Fuel Systems
Design, construct and utilize fuel systems using this comprehensive reference work. Combustion Engineering Issues for Solid Fuel Systems combines modeling, policy/regulation and fuel properties with cutting edge breakthroughs in solid fuel combustion for electricity generation and industrial applica...
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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | eBook Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Burlington, MA
Elsevier
2008
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Elsevier Science & Technology Academic Press |
| Edition: | 1 |
| Subjects: | |
| ISBN: | 0123736110, 9780123736116 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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Table of Contents:
- Title Page Preface Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Coal Characteristics 3. Characteristics of Alternative Fuels 4. Characteristics and Behavior of Inorganic Constituents 5. Fuel Blending for Combustion Management 6. Fuel Preparation 7. Conventional Firing Systems 8. Fluidized-Bed Firing Systems 9. Post-Combustion Emissions Control 10. Some Computer Applications for Combustion Engineering with Solid Fuels 11. Gasification 12. Policy Considerations for Combustion Engineering Index
- 8.6.5 Trace Elements
- 2.5.10 Free-Swelling Index (FSI) -- 2.5.11 Petrography/Coal Reflectance -- 2.6 Nontraditional Characterization Methods and Their Industrial Application -- 2.6.1 Coal Structure -- 2.6.2 Coal Reactivity -- 2.6.3 Volatile Matter Evolution Patterns -- 2.7 References -- Chapter 3: Characteristics of Alternative Fuels -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Typical Alternative Fuel Applications -- 3.1.1.1 The Use of Alternative Fuels in Electric Utility Boilers -- 3.1.1.2 Cofiring Alternative Fuels in Process Industries and Independent Power Producers -- 3.2 Petroleum Coke -- 3.2.1 Petroleum Coke Production Processes -- 3.2.2 Fuel Characteristics of Petroleum Coke -- 3.2.2.1 Proximate and Ultimate Analysis of Petroleum Coke -- 3.2.2.2 Ash Characteristics of Petroleum Coke -- 3.2.3 Petroleum Coke Utilization in Cyclone Boilers -- 3.2.4 Cofiring Petroleum Coke in Pulverized Coal Boilers -- 3.2.5 Petroleum Coke Utilization in Fluidized-Bed Boilers -- 3.3 Woody Biomass -- 3.3.1 Types of Woody Biomass Fuels -- 3.3.2 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Woody Biomass Fuels -- 3.3.2.1 Proximate and Ultimate Analysis of Woody Biomass -- 3.3.2.2 Inorganic Matter in Woody Biomass -- 3.3.2.3 Trace Metal Concentrations -- 3.3.3 Using Woody Biomass in Dedicated Boilers -- 3.3.4 Woody Biomass in Pulverized Coal Firing Applications -- 3.3.5 Cofiring Woody Biomass in Cyclone Boilers -- 3.3.6 Conclusions Regarding Using Woody Biomass as an Alternative Fuel -- 3.4 Tire-Derived Fuel (TDF) -- 3.4.1 General Description of Tire-Derived Fuel -- 3.4.2 Fuel Characteristics of Tire-Derived Fuel -- 3.4.2.1 Proximate and Ultimate Analysis of Tire-Derived Fuel -- 3.4.2.2 Ash Constituents of TDF -- 3.4.2.3 Trace Element Emissions from TDF -- 3.4.3 Cofiring Applications with Tire-Derived Fuel -- 3.4.4 Summary Regarding TDF as an Alternative Fuel -- 3.5 Herbaceous Crops
- 3.5.1 Types of Herbaceous Biomass Fuels -- 3.5.2 Sources and Uses of Herbaceous Materials -- 3.5.3 Fuel Characteristics of Switchgrass and Related Agricultural Biomass Materials -- 3.5.3.1 Density of Switchgrass and Related Materials -- 3.5.3.2 Proximate and Ultimate Analysis of Switchgrass and Related Agricultural Materials -- 3.5.3.3 Ash Chemistry for Herbaceous Biomass Fuels -- 3.5.4 Herbaceous Crop Summary -- 3.6 References -- Chapter 4: Characteristics and Behavior of Inorganic Constituents -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Inorganic Composition of Coal -- 4.2.1 Distribution of Inorganic Constituents in Coal -- 4.2.2 Methods of Determining Inorganic Composition -- 4.2.3 General Coal Characteristics -- 4.2.3.1 Lignites -- 4.2.3.2 Subbituminous Coals -- 4.2.3.3 Bituminous Coals -- 4.2.3.4 World-Traded Coals -- 4.3 Ash Formation: Transformation of Coal Inorganic Constituents -- 4.4 Ash Deposition Formation -- 4.4.1 Deposition Phenomena in Utility Boilers -- 4.4.2 Slagging Deposits -- 4.4.3 Fouling Deposits -- 4.4.4 High-Temperature Fouling -- 4.4.5 Low-Temperature Fouling -- 4.4.6 Ash Impacts on SCR Catalyst -- 4.4.7 Deposit Thermal Properties -- 4.5 Deposit Strength Development -- 4.6 Deposit Characterization -- 4.7 Predicting Ash Behavior -- 4.7.1 Advanced Indices -- 4.7.2 Mechanistic Models -- 4.8 References -- Chapter 5: Fuel Blending for Combustion Management -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Types of Fuel Blending -- 5.1.2 The Reasons for Fuel Blending -- 5.1.3 Issues for Fuel Blending -- 5.2 Equipment and Controls Issues Associated with Fuel Blending -- 5.2.1 The Blending System at Monroe Power Plant -- 5.2.2 Alternative Blending Systems -- 5.3 Fuel and Combustion Effects of Blending -- 5.3.1 Blending Overview -- 5.3.2 The Monroe Power Plant Case Study -- 5.3.2.1 Development of Combustion Models as an Analytical Tool
- 7.5.1.4 Design Parameters -- 7.5.1.5 Functioning of Grates -- 7.5.2 Pulverized Firing -- 7.5.2.1 Applications -- 7.5.2.2 Basic Description and Identification of Types -- 7.5.2.3 Wall-Fired Pulverized Coal Boilers and Firing Systems -- 7.5.2.4 Tangentially Fired Pulverized Coal Boilers -- 7.5.2.5 Vertically Fired (Arch-Fired) Boilers -- 7.5.2.6 Pulverized Coal Burner Systems -- 7.5.2.7 Typical and Maximum Conditions -- 7.5.2.8 Fuel Preparation -- 7.5.2.9 Effect of Moisture -- 7.5.2.10 Swirling Flow -- 7.5.2.11 Overfire Air Systems as Burner-Based Emissions Control -- 7.5.3 Cyclone Firing -- 7.5.3.1 Basic Description and Identification of Types -- 7.5.3.2 Typical and Maximum Conditions -- 7.5.3.3 NOx Formation and Cyclones -- 7.5.3.4 Design and Operating Parameters -- 7.6 Concluding Statements -- 7.7 References -- Chapter 8: Fluidized-Bed Firing Systems -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Fluidized-Bed Combustion Systems -- 8.2.1 Bubbling Fluidized-Bed Combustion (BFBC) -- 8.2.2 Circulating Fluidized-Bed Combustion (CFBC) -- 8.2.3 Pressurized Fluidized-Bed Combustion (PFBC) -- 8.3 Heat Transfer -- 8.4 Combustion Efficiency -- 8.5 Fuel Flexibility -- 8.6 Pollutant Formation and Control -- 8.6.1 Sulfur Dioxide -- 8.6.1.1 Transformation of Sorbents in the FBC Process -- 8.6.1.2 Bed Temperature -- 8.6.1.3 Particle Residence Time -- 8.6.1.4 Bed Quality -- 8.6.1.5 Gaseous Environment -- 8.6.1.6 Combustor Pressure -- 8.6.1.7 Chemical Composition -- 8.6.1.8 Porosity -- 8.6.1.9 Surface Area -- 8.6.1.10 Particle Size -- 8.6.2 Nitrogen Oxides -- 8.6.2.1 NOx Formation -- 8.6.2.2 Fuel Nitrogen and Volatile Matter Content: Fuel Rank -- 8.6.2.3 Combustion Temperature -- 8.6.2.4 Excess Air -- 8.6.2.5 Gas Velocity/Residence Time -- 8.6.2.6 Limestone Effects -- 8.6.2.7 NOx Reduction Techniques -- 8.6.3 Particulate Matter -- 8.6.4 Carbon Monoxide/Hydrocarbons
- Front Cover -- Combustion Engineering Issues for Solid Fuels -- Copyright Page -- Dedication Page -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Authors -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Overview -- 1.1.1 A Perspective on Solid Fuel Utilization -- 1.1.2 Fuels and Combustion Technology Development -- 1.2 Solid Fuels Used in Electricity Generation and Process Industry Applications -- 1.2.1 Characteristics of Solid Fuels -- 1.2.2 Some Economic Considerations of Solid Fuels -- 1.3 The Combustion Process for Solid Fuels -- 1.3.1 Combustion Mechanism Overview -- 1.3.2 Heating and Drying -- 1.3.3 Pyrolysis or Devolatilization -- 1.3.4 Volatile Oxidation Reactions -- 1.3.5 Char Oxidation Reactions -- 1.3.6 Formation of Airborne Emissions -- 1.3.7 Reactions of Inorganic Matter -- 1.3.8 Combustion and Heat Release -- 1.4 The Combustion System -- 1.4.1 Fuel Quality and Fuel Management -- 1.4.2 Fuel Preparation -- 1.4.3 Burners and the Combustion Systems -- 1.4.4 Post-Combustion Controls -- 1.5 Organization of This Book -- 1.6 References -- Chapter 2: Coal Characteristics -- 2.1 Introduction to Coal -- 2.1.1 Coal Formation and Coalification -- 2.2 Coal Classification -- 2.2.1 Coal Rank -- 2.2.2 Coal Type -- 2.2.3 Coal Grade -- 2.2.4 Coal Classification -- 2.2.4.1 ASTM Classification System -- 2.2.4.2 International Classification System -- 2.3 Coal Reserves/Resources -- 2.3.1 World Coal Reserves -- 2.3.2 United States Coal Resources and Reserves -- 2.4 Coal Production -- 2.4.1 World Coal Production -- 2.4.2 United States Coal Production -- 2.5 Traditional Coal Characterization Methods and Their Industrial Application -- 2.5.1 Proximate Analysis -- 2.5.2 Ultimate Analysis -- 2.5.3 Heating Value -- 2.5.4 Sulfur Forms -- 2.5.5 Chlorine -- 2.5.6 Grindability -- 2.5.7 Ash Composition -- 2.5.8 Trace Element Characterization -- 2.5.9 Ash Fusion
- 5.3.2.2 Fuel Effects of Blending at Monroe -- 5.3.2.3 Volatility and Volatile Release Patterns -- 5.3.2.4 Char Oxidation -- 5.3.2.5 Ash Chemistry -- 5.3.3 Fuel Effects for Other Locations -- 5.4 Operational Issues with Fuel Blending -- 5.4.1 Managing Inorganic Constituents -- 5.4.2 Managing the Fire -- 5.4.3 Managing Blend Changes -- 5.5 Conclusions -- 5.6 References -- Chapter 6: Fuel Preparation -- 6.1 Know Your Fuel -- 6.1.1 Fuel Types -- 6.1.2 Fuel Issues -- 6.1.3 Coal -- 6.1.4 Petroleum-Based Products -- 6.1.5 Biomass -- 6.2 Fuel Storage Silo -- 6.2.1 Storage Capacity -- 6.2.2 Silo/Bunker Design Considerations -- 6.2.3 Safety Considerations -- 6.3 Solid Fuel Flow Control -- 6.4 Fuel Sizing Equipment -- 6.5 Pulverized Coal System Analysis Guidelines -- 6.5.1 Mill Sizing and Standard Ratings -- 6.5.2 Coal Mill Capacity and Capability Analysis -- 6.5.2.1 Coal Throughput Capability -- 6.5.2.2 Primary Air Capability -- 6.5.2.3 Air Heater Leakage -- 6.5.2.4 Thermal Requirements -- 6.5.2.5 Analysis Summary -- 6.5.3 Coal Mill Capability Test Plan -- 6.6 References -- Chapter 7: Conventional Firing Systems -- 7.1 Overview -- 7.2 Types of Traditional Combustion Systems -- 7.2.1 Stoker Firing Systems -- 7.2.2 Pulverized Firing Systems -- 7.2.3 Cyclone Firing Systems -- 7.2.4 Fluidized-Bed Systems -- 7.3 Applications and Uses of Conventional Firing Systems -- 7.3.1 Electricity Generation -- 7.3.2 Industrial Boilers, Kilns, and Process Heaters -- 7.4 Basic Issues -- 7.4.1 Fuel Selection -- 7.4.2 Operational Considerations -- 7.4.3 Airborne Emissions -- 7.4.3.1 Particulates -- 7.4.3.2 SO2 -- 7.4.3.3 NOx -- 7.4.3.5 CO2 -- 7.4.3.5 Other Emissions (Hazardous Air Pollutants) -- 7.5 Firing Systems and Combustion Issues -- 7.5.1 Stoker Firing -- 7.5.1.1 Basic Description and Identification of Types -- 7.5.1.2 Fuel Selection for Stokers -- 7.5.1.3 Fuel Preparation