Safety Instrumented System Design
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| Hlavní autoři: | , |
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| Médium: | E-kniha |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Vydáno: |
Research Triangle Park
ISA
2017
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| Vydání: | 1 |
| Témata: | |
| ISBN: | 1945541431, 9781945541438 |
| On-line přístup: | Získat plný text |
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- Decommissioning -- Exercises -- References -- Appendix A: Statistics -- Appendix B: Probability -- Appendix C: Failure Rate Data -- Appendix D: System Architectures -- Appendix E: Answers to Exercises -- Index
- References -- Chapter 6: Equipment Failure Modes -- Introduction -- Equipment Failure Modes -- Fail-Safe -- Fail-Danger -- Annunciation -- No Effect -- Detected/Undetected -- Examples -- SIF Modeling of Failure Modes -- PFS/PFD -- PFDavg -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 7: Obtaining Failure Rate Data -- Introduction -- Failure Rate Estimation -- Manufacturer's Field Return Data -- Industry Database Consortiums -- Site-Specific/Company Data-Collection Systems -- Failure Rate Prediction -- B10 Cycle Testing -- Failure Modes Effects and Diagnostic Analysis (FMEDA) -- Calibrated FMEDA-Combining Estimation and Prediction -- Manual Proof Test Coverage -- A Comparison of Failure Rates -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 8: SIF Design and Verification Process -- Conceptual Design -- Modes of Operation -- Continuous Mode -- High-Demand Mode -- Low-Demand Mode -- Safety Requirements Specification (SRS) -- Equipment Selection -- Application Suitability -- Safety Integrity Evaluation -- Architecture Constraints-Redundant Elements -- Why Architecture Constraints? -- Architecture Constraints from IEC 61511 -- Architecture Constraints from IEC 61508 -- Probability of Dangerous Failure Analysis -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 9: SIF Probabilistic Verification -- Probabilistic Analysis -- SIF Identification -- Continuous/High-Demand Mode Probabilistic Verification -- Continuous-Demand Mode -- High-Demand Mode -- Low-Demand Probabilistic-Verification Variables -- Failure Rates -- Mission Time (MT) -- Proof Test Interval (TI) -- Proof Test Coverage Factor -- Mean Time to Restore (MTTR) -- Proof Test Duration (PTD) -- Probability of Initial Failure (PIF) -- Site Safety Index (SSI) -- Redundancy-Common Cause -- Probability of Failure on Demand Calculation -- Probabilistic Calculation Tools -- Verification Reports -- Exercises -- References
- SIL 1 Verification Case 2: Pressure Transmitter -- SIL 1 Verification Case 3: Certified Smart Switch -- Comparing the SIL 1 Designs -- Typical SIL 2 Architectures -- SIL 2 Verification Case 1: Single Safety Transmitter -- SIL 2 Verification Case 2: BPCS Signal Comparison -- Comparing SIL 2 Case 1 and Case 2 -- SIL 2 Verification Case 3: Redundant Field Devices -- Comparing SIL 2 Case 1, Case 2, and Case 3 -- Typical SIL 3 Architectures -- SIL 3 Verification Case 1: 1oo2 Safety Transmitters -- SIL 3 Verification Calculations Case 2: 2oo3 Transmitters -- Comparing SIL 3 Case 1 and Case 2 -- Some Common Hardware Issues Related to the Various Solutions for SIL 1, SIL 2, and SIL 3 SIFs -- References -- Chapter 14: Industry Examples -- Oil and Gas Production Example -- Overall System Description -- Wellhead Process Equipment -- Main Header High Pressure SIF -- SIL Verification -- Safety Integrity Evaluation -- Architectural Constraints -- SIF PFDavg Calculation -- Overall SIL Verification -- Chemical Industry Example -- Overall System Description -- Runaway Reaction Protection SIF -- SIL Verification -- Safety Integrity Evaluation -- Architectural Constraints -- SIF PFDavg Calculation -- Overall SIL Verification -- SIL Verification Tools -- References -- Chapter 15: Maintaining the SIS -- Introduction -- Site Safety Index (SSI) -- SSI Level 4 - Perfect -- SSI Level 3 - Excellent -- SSI Level 2 - Good -- SSI Level 1 - Medium -- SSI Level 0 - Weak -- Operation/Maintenance Planning -- Personnel Competency/Training -- Proof Testing -- Bypassing -- Restoration to Operation -- Proof Test Design -- Proof Test Procedures -- Proof Test Intervals -- Repair Procedures -- Useful Life -- Event Data Collection -- Event Data Collection Impediments -- Data Collection Requirements -- Data Analysis -- Functional Safety Process Auditing -- Modification and Change
- Intro -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Acknowledgments -- About the Book -- About the Authors -- Contents -- Chapter 1: The SIS Safety Life Cycle -- Introduction -- Functional Safety -- Functional Safety Standards -- SIS Safety Life Cycle -- Analysis Phase -- Realization Phase -- Operation Phase -- Benefits of the SIS Safety Life Cycle -- SIS Safety Life-Cycle Adoption -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 2: Safety Instrumented Systems -- Safety Instrumented Systems -- BPCS versus SIS -- Safety Instrumented Function -- Equipment Used in a Safety Instrumented Function -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 3: Failure -- Stress-Strength -- Stress -- Strength -- Failure Rate -- Acquiring Failure Rate Data -- Random Failures versus Systematic Failures -- Survey Failure Example -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 4: Basic Reliability Engineering -- Introduction -- Successful Operation-No Repair -- Probability of Success -- Reliability -- Unreliability -- Mean Time to Failure (MTTF) -- Constant Failure Rate -- Successful Operation-Repairable Systems -- Mean Time to Restore (MTTR) -- Mean Time between Failures (MTBF) -- Availability -- Unavailability -- Steady-State Availability -- Average Unavailability with Periodic Inspection and Testing -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 5: System Reliability Engineering -- Introduction -- System Model Building -- Reliability Block Diagrams -- Series System -- Parallel System -- Fault Trees -- Fault Tree Symbols -- Comparison of the Reliability Block Diagram and the Fault Tree -- Fault Tree Solution Techniques -- Fault Tree Common Mistakes -- Fault Tree Average Probability Calculation -- Time-Dependent Fault Tree Solutions -- Markov Models -- Comparison of Fault Trees and Markov Models -- Markov Solution Techniques -- Realistic Safety Instrumented System Modeling -- Exercises
- Chapter 10: SIS Sensors -- Introduction -- Equipment Selection -- Diagnostic Annunciation -- Logic Solver Configuration -- Probabilistic Modeling of Sensors -- Sensor Proof Test Strategies -- Multiple Proof Test Methods -- Staggered Proof Testing -- Sensor Redundant Designs -- Sensor Common-Cause Defense -- Pressure -- Temperature -- Level -- Flow -- Toxic Gas/Flame Detectors -- Burner Flame Detectors -- Specialty Safety Sensors -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 11: Logic Solvers -- Introduction -- Equipment Selection -- Cybersecurity -- Relays/Pneumatic Logic -- Smart Logic Modules -- Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) -- Safety Programmable Logic Controllers -- Special Purpose Safety Controllers -- Probabilistic Modeling of the PLC -- Failure Rate Data for PLC -- Probabilistic Modeling of an Advanced Safety PLC -- Safety PLC Proof Testing -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 12: Final Elements -- Introduction -- De-energize-to-Trip Design -- Equipment Selection -- Application Suitability -- Safety Integrity -- Final Element Interface Devices -- Solenoid Valves -- Quick Exhaust Valves (QEVs) -- Volume Booster Valves -- Actuators -- Diaphragm Actuators -- Piston Actuators -- Scotch Yoke Actuators -- Rack-and-Pinion Actuators -- Motor-Driven Actuators -- Actuator Failure Modes -- Valves -- Globe Valve -- Wedge Gate Valve -- Plug Valve -- Ball Valve -- Butterfly Valve -- Valve Failure Modes -- Integrated Final Element -- Probabilistic Modeling of Final Elements -- Tight Shutoff Requirements -- Close-to-Trip versus Open-to-Trip -- Service Category -- Failure Rate Comparison -- Failure Rate Data for Final Element Components -- Final Element Proof Testing -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 13: Typical SIF Solutions -- Introduction -- Example Process -- Typical SIL 1 Architectures -- SIL 1 Verification Case 1: Pressure Switch