How to Practice Academic Medicine and Publish from Developing Countries? A Practical Guide
This is an open access book. The book provides an overview of the state of research in developing countries – Africa, Latin America, and Asia (especially India) and why research and publications are important in these regions. It addresses budding but struggling academics in low and middle-income co...
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| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | eBook |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Singapore
Springer Nature
2022
Springer Nature Singapore Springer Professor Samiran Nundy |
| Edition: | 1 |
| Subjects: | |
| ISBN: | 9811652481, 9789811652486, 9811652473, 9789811652479 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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Table of Contents:
- 10.1.20 What Are Inferential Methods for Proportions?
- 3.6 Is the Recent Medical Council of India (MCI) Rule Linking Publications to Faculty Promotion the Main Reason for the Surge in Publication Numbers? -- 3.7 Can We Expect India's Unique Health Issues to Be Solved By the Developed World? -- 3.8 What Are the Various Barriers to Quality Publication Output from India? -- 3.9 How Can a Clinician Take Out Time from His/Her Schedule for Publication? -- 3.10 Do Our Institutes Lack the Infrastructure for Research and Publication? -- 3.11 Do We Need Finances to Start Writing for Publication? -- 3.12 Do We Have an Attitude Towards or an Aptitude for Research? -- 3.13 What Is the Role of a Mentor in Publication? -- 3.14 Conclusions -- References -- 4: When Should We Start Doing Research and Publishing Papers? -- 4.1 Is Research Methodology Taught in the Undergraduate Syllabus? -- 4.2 What Is the Brain Drain? -- 4.3 Is an Internship a Good Time To Do Research? -- 4.4 What Are the Requirements of Research During Post-Graduation? -- 4.5 How Can We Increase the Student-Based Research Activities in Our Country? -- 4.6 Are There Any Journals That Publish Papers Directed Mainly at Students? -- 4.7 How Can We Increase Our Research Output After Post-Graduation? -- 4.8 Conclusions -- References -- 5: Does Research Improve Patient Care? -- 5.1 Are Patient Care and Clinical Research Related Activities? -- 5.2 How Can One Blend Research with Practice? -- 5.3 How Should I Start Research in My Institution? -- 5.4 What is Evidence-based Medicine? -- 5.5 How Can Research Data Be Incorporated into Clinical Practice? -- 5.6 What are the Limitations of Medical Care in Developing Countries? -- 5.7 How Can Commonly Available Data Help in Research? -- 5.8 What is Health Outcomes Research? -- 5.9 How is Research Perceived among Doctors? -- 5.10 Conclusions -- References
- Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Why This Book? -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Authors and Coauthors -- Authors -- R.L. Sapra -- Ishwar Verma -- Veronica Arora -- Kusum Verma -- Coauthors -- Amira Khan -- Sana Saeed -- Khadija Humayun -- Part I: Introduction -- 1: Academic Medicine and the Social Determinants of Health -- 1.1 What Is Academic Medicine? -- 1.2 What Are the Social Determinants of Health? -- 1.3 How Can Physicians Help Address Social Determinants of Health? -- 1.4 What Are Boyer's Principles of Academic Scholarship? -- 1.5 What Can Be the Role of Academic Medicine in Addressing Social Determinants of Health? -- 1.6 Boyer's Principles of Academic Scholarship, Academic Medicine, and Social Determinants of Health -- 1.7 What Is the Way Forward? -- References -- Part II: Background -- 2: Why Should We Publish Papers? -- 2.1 What Is Academic Medicine? -- 2.2 What Are the Duties of a Doctor in an Academic Institution? -- 2.3 Is Publication in Medical Journals a New Phenomenon? -- 2.4 What Are the Main Reasons for Publications? -- 2.5 Are There Any Other Reasons for Publications? -- 2.6 Does Publishing Negative Studies Also Give You Fame? -- 2.7 Fraudulent Publication and the Case of Dr. John Darsee? -- 2.8 Conclusions -- References -- 3: Overcoming the Initial Barriers to Publication and the Role of the Mentors? -- 3.1 What Is India's Contribution to the World's Medical Publications? -- 3.2 Are the Numbers of Publications from India Increasing? -- 3.3 Is Quantity or Quality More Important in Publications? -- 3.4 Should Faculty and Students from All Medical Colleges Publish Papers. Does this Not Detract from Patient Care and Teaching? -- 3.5 How Much Does the Private Sector Contribute Towards Research?
- 6: The Status of Biomedical Research in Some Developing Countries -- 6.1 What Is a 'Developing Nation'? -- 6.2 Which Continent Produces the Largest Number of Research Papers? -- 6.3 Latin America -- 6.3.1 How Can the Developing Nations from Latin America Be Divided? -- 6.3.2 Has There Been a Recent Increase in Biomedical Research from Latin America? -- 6.3.3 In Which Field Has Latin America Progressed? -- 6.3.4 Who Are the Regional Leaders Among the Latin American Nations? -- 6.3.5 Is There Any Data from the Medium Development Index Countries? -- 6.3.6 Are There Any Specialties That Are Producing More Papers? -- 6.3.7 What Is the Reason for the Low Visibility of Latin American Journals? -- 6.3.8 What are the Other Reasons for the Low Scientific Output from Latin America? -- 6.3.9 Are Open Access Journals the Way Forward for Latin America? -- 6.4 Africa -- 6.4.1 How Can One Divide Africa's Nations into Various Regions? -- 6.4.2 Is It True That Africa's Research Output Has Increased? -- 6.4.3 What Are the Factors Contributing to This Promising Trend? -- 6.4.4 What Could Be the Key Contributor to This Promising Growth? -- 6.4.5 What Is the African Index Medicus? -- 6.4.6 Are There Any Countries That Are Leading? -- 6.4.7 What Are the Top Diseases for which Research Is Going On in Africa? -- 6.5 Asia -- 6.5.1 East Asian Countries According to the Human Development Index -- 6.5.2 What Is the Research Output from South Asian Countries? -- 6.5.3 Can India Be the Leader in South Asian Health Care Over the Coming Years? -- 6.5.4 Among All the Developing Countries Where Does India Stand in Medical Research? -- 6.5.5 Is Collaborative Work on Research the Way Forward for All Developing Countries? -- References -- Part III: How to Plan a Study? -- 7: How to Think of a Research Question? -- 7.1 What Is a Research Question?
- 7.2 What Are the FINER Criteria? -- 7.3 Some Consider the FINER 'MAPS' to Be a More Complete Acronym. What Does MAPS Stand For? -- 7.4 How Do We Break Down a Research Question? -- 7.5 What Are the Steps for Framing a Research Question? -- 7.6 What Are the Examples of Bad Research Questions? -- 7.7 Conclusions -- References -- 8: What Are the Types of Study Design? -- 8.1 What Are the Various Types of Clinical Study Designs? -- 8.2 What Are the Types of Observational Studies? -- 8.3 What Is a Descriptive Study? -- 8.4 What Is Analytical Epidemiology? -- 8.5 What Are Ecological Studies? -- 8.6 What Is a Case-Control Study? -- 8.7 What Is a Cohort Study? -- 8.8 What Are Cross-Sectional Studies? -- 8.9 What Is an Experimental Study Design? -- 8.10 What Is a Randomized Controlled Trial? -- 8.11 Design of a Randomized Control Trial (Fig. 8.5) -- 8.12 What Are the Standards of Research and Reporting? -- 8.13 Conclusions -- References -- 9: How to Calculate an Adequate Sample Size? -- 9.1 What Should the Sample Size Be for a Research Study? -- 9.2 How to Calculate the Sample Size in a Descriptive Study? -- 9.2.1 Example 1: How to Calculate the Sample Size for Estimating the Prevalence of a Disease? -- 9.3 Does My Sample Size Change When Sampling Is Done from a Finite Population? -- 9.3.1 Example 2: How to Calculate the Sample Size for Estimating the Mean of an Attribute? -- 9.3.2 Example 3: How to Calculate the Sample Size for Estimating the Sensitivity and Specificity of a Diagnostic Test? -- 9.3.3 How to Calculate the Sample Size in an Analytical Study? -- 9.3.4 Example 3: How to Calculate the Sample Size for Comparing Two Proportions(Prevalence) -- 9.3.5 Example 4: How to Calculate the Sample Size for Comparing Two (Unpaired) Means in Two Populations?
- 9.3.6 Example 5: How to Calculate the Sample Size for Comparing Two Paired Means? -- 9.4 Which Are the Free Websites/Software/Apps for Sample Size Calculation? -- 9.5 Which Are Commercial Software Available for Sample Size Calculation? -- 9.6 How Can I Determine Sample Sizes for Diagnostic Test Studies? -- 9.7 Summary -- Suggested Reading -- 10: Understanding Medical Biostatistics -- 10.1 Understanding the Basics of Biostatistics -- 10.1.1 What Are Data? -- 10.1.2 What Is a Variable? -- 10.1.3 What Are the Different Scales of Variable Measurement? -- 10.1.4 What Is the Likert Scale? -- 10.1.4.1 Example 1 -- 10.1.4.2 Example 2 -- 10.1.4.3 Example 3 -- 10.1.4.4 Example 4 -- 10.1.5 What Are Descriptive and Inferential Statistics? -- 10.1.6 What Is a Measure of Central Tendency and What Are the Various Measures of Central Tendency, Their Merits and Demerits? -- 10.1.6.1 Mean -- 10.1.6.2 Median -- 10.1.6.3 Mode -- 10.1.6.4 Example -- 10.1.6.5 Less Frequently Used Measures -- 10.1.7 What Is Dispersion or Variability in a Data Set and How Is It Measured? -- 10.1.7.1 Range -- 10.1.7.2 Interquartile Range -- 10.1.7.3 Standard Deviation -- 10.1.7.4 Median Absolute Deviation -- 10.1.8 What Is Meant by the Distribution of Data? -- 10.1.9 What Is a Normal Distribution Curve? -- 10.1.10 What Is Skewness and What Are Its Implications? -- 10.1.11 What Is a Kurtosis and What Are Implications? -- 10.1.12 Is There Any Relationship Between Skewness and the Three Measures of Central Tendency (Mean, Median, and Mode)? -- 10.1.13 What Is an Outlier in a Data Set? -- 10.1.14 Why Do Outliers Occur? -- 10.1.15 How Can We Detect Outliers? -- 10.1.16 How Should We Handle Outliers? -- 10.1.17 What Is Data Heaping? -- 10.1.18 What Is the Difference Between a Parameter and an Estimate? -- 10.1.19 What Are Inferential Methods?