Predicting occurrence of liquefaction-induced lateral spreading using gradient boosting algorithms integrated with particle swarm optimization: PSO-XGBoost, PSO-LightGBM, and PSO-CatBoost

Liquefaction-induced lateral spreading that has resulted in devastating damages to lifelines and buildings has been widely reported in recent earthquakes. Although it is impossible to preclude the occurrence of earthquakes, it is possible to predict its adverse effects through computer science such...

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