On the Expressive Power of Homomorphism Counts

A classical result by Lovász asserts that two graphs G and H are isomorphic if and only if they have the same left profile, that is, for every graph F, the number of homomorphisms from F to G coincides with the number of homomorphisms from F to H. Dvorák and later on Dell, Grohe, and Rattan showed t...

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Veröffentlicht in:Proceedings of the 36th Annual ACM/IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science S. 1 - 13
Hauptverfasser: Atserias, Albert, Kolaitis, Phokion G., Wu, Wei-Lin
Format: Tagungsbericht
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: IEEE 29.06.2021
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Abstract A classical result by Lovász asserts that two graphs G and H are isomorphic if and only if they have the same left profile, that is, for every graph F, the number of homomorphisms from F to G coincides with the number of homomorphisms from F to H. Dvorák and later on Dell, Grohe, and Rattan showed that restrictions of the left profile to a class of graphs can capture several different relaxations of isomorphism, including equivalence in counting logics with a fixed number of variables (which contains fractional isomorphism as a special case) and co-spectrality (i.e., two graphs having the same characteristic polynomial). On the other side, a result by Chaudhuri and Vardi asserts that isomorphism is also captured by the right profile, that is, two graphs G and H are isomorphic if and only if for every graph F, the number of homomorphisms from G to F coincides with the number of homomorphisms from H to F. In this paper, we embark on a study of the restrictions of the right profile by investigating relaxations of isomorphism that can or cannot be captured by restricting the right profile to a fixed class of graphs. Our results unveil striking differences between the expressive power of the left profile and the right profile. We show that fractional isomorphism, equivalence in counting logics with a fixed number of variables, and co-spectrality cannot be captured by restricting the right profile to a class of graphs. In the opposite direction, we show that chromatic equivalence cannot be captured by restricting the left profile to a class of graphs, while, clearly, it can be captured by restricting the right profile to the class of all cliques.
AbstractList A classical result by Lovász asserts that two graphs G and H are isomorphic if and only if they have the same left profile, that is, for every graph F, the number of homomorphisms from F to G coincides with the number of homomorphisms from F to H. Dvorák and later on Dell, Grohe, and Rattan showed that restrictions of the left profile to a class of graphs can capture several different relaxations of isomorphism, including equivalence in counting logics with a fixed number of variables (which contains fractional isomorphism as a special case) and co-spectrality (i.e., two graphs having the same characteristic polynomial). On the other side, a result by Chaudhuri and Vardi asserts that isomorphism is also captured by the right profile, that is, two graphs G and H are isomorphic if and only if for every graph F, the number of homomorphisms from G to F coincides with the number of homomorphisms from H to F. In this paper, we embark on a study of the restrictions of the right profile by investigating relaxations of isomorphism that can or cannot be captured by restricting the right profile to a fixed class of graphs. Our results unveil striking differences between the expressive power of the left profile and the right profile. We show that fractional isomorphism, equivalence in counting logics with a fixed number of variables, and co-spectrality cannot be captured by restricting the right profile to a class of graphs. In the opposite direction, we show that chromatic equivalence cannot be captured by restricting the left profile to a class of graphs, while, clearly, it can be captured by restricting the right profile to the class of all cliques.
Author Atserias, Albert
Kolaitis, Phokion G.
Wu, Wei-Lin
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  givenname: Albert
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  organization: Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya,Barcelona, Catalonia,Spain
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  givenname: Phokion G.
  surname: Kolaitis
  fullname: Kolaitis, Phokion G.
  organization: University of California Santa Cruz and IBM Research,USA
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  givenname: Wei-Lin
  surname: Wu
  fullname: Wu, Wei-Lin
  organization: University of California Santa Cruz,USA
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Snippet A classical result by Lovász asserts that two graphs G and H are isomorphic if and only if they have the same left profile, that is, for every graph F, the...
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Title On the Expressive Power of Homomorphism Counts
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