Smart Structures Theory
The twenty-first century could be called the 'Multifunctional Materials Age'. The inspiration for multifunctional materials comes from nature, and therefore these are often referred to as bio-inspired materials. Bio-inspired materials encompass smart materials and structures, multifunction...
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| Médium: | E-kniha Kniha |
| Jazyk: | English |
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New York
Cambridge University Press
2014
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| Vydanie: | 1 |
| Edícia: | Cambridge aerospace series |
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| ISBN: | 9780521866576, 052186657X |
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| Abstract | The twenty-first century could be called the 'Multifunctional Materials Age'. The inspiration for multifunctional materials comes from nature, and therefore these are often referred to as bio-inspired materials. Bio-inspired materials encompass smart materials and structures, multifunctional materials and nano-structured materials. This is a dawn of revolutionary materials that may provide a 'quantum jump' in performance and multi-capability. This book focuses on smart materials, structures and systems, which are also referred to as intelligent, adaptive, active, sensory and metamorphic. The purpose of these materials from the perspective of smart systems is their ability to minimize life-cycle cost and/or expand the performance envelope. The ultimate goal is to develop biologically inspired multifunctional materials with the capability to adapt their structural characteristics (stiffness, damping, viscosity, etc.) as required, monitor their health condition, perform self-diagnosis and self-repair, morph their shape and undergo significant controlled motion over a wide range of operating conditions. |
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| AbstractList | The twenty-first century could be called the 'Multifunctional Materials Age'. The inspiration for multifunctional materials comes from nature, and therefore these are often referred to as bio-inspired materials. Bio-inspired materials encompass smart materials and structures, multifunctional materials and nano-structured materials. This is a dawn of revolutionary materials that may provide a 'quantum jump' in performance and multi-capability. This book focuses on smart materials, structures and systems, which are also referred to as intelligent, adaptive, active, sensory and metamorphic. The purpose of these materials from the perspective of smart systems is their ability to minimize life-cycle cost and/or expand the performance envelope. The ultimate goal is to develop biologically inspired multifunctional materials with the capability to adapt their structural characteristics (such as stiffness, damping and viscosity) as required, monitor their health condition, perform self-diagnosis and self-repair, morph their shape and undergo significant controlled motion over a wide range of operating conditions. The twenty-first century could be called the 'Multifunctional Materials Age'. The inspiration for multifunctional materials comes from nature, and therefore these are often referred to as bio-inspired materials. Bio-inspired materials encompass smart materials and structures, multifunctional materials and nano-structured materials. This is a dawn of revolutionary materials that may provide a 'quantum jump' in performance and multi-capability. This book focuses on smart materials, structures and systems, which are also referred to as intelligent, adaptive, active, sensory and metamorphic. The purpose of these materials from the perspective of smart systems is their ability to minimize life-cycle cost and/or expand the performance envelope. The ultimate goal is to develop biologically inspired multifunctional materials with the capability to adapt their structural characteristics (stiffness, damping, viscosity, etc.) as required, monitor their health condition, perform self-diagnosis and self-repair, morph their shape and undergo significant controlled motion over a wide range of operating conditions. Smart materials and structures are also referred to as intelligent, adaptive, active, sensory and metamorphic. This book presents our goal to develop biologically inspired multifunctional materials with the capability to adapt their structural characteristics, monitor their health condition, perform self-diagnosis and self-repair, morph their shape and undergo significant controlled motion. Bio-inspired materials encompass smart materials and structures, multifunctional materials, and nano-structured materials. This is a dawn of revolutionary materials that may provide a "quantum jump" in performance and multi-capability. This book focuses on smart materials, structures, and systems, which are also referred to as intelligent, adaptive, active, sensory, and metamorphic. The purpose of these materials from the perspective of smart systems is their ability to minimize life-cycle cost and/or expand the performance envelope. The ultimate goal is to develop biologically inspired multifunctional materials with the capability to adapt their structural characteristics (stiffness, damping, viscosity, etc.) as required, monitor their health condition, perform self-diagnosis and self-repair, morph their shape, and undergo significant controlled motion over a wide range of operating conditions. -- |
| Author | Chopra, Inderjit Sirohi, Jayant |
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| Copyright | Inderjit Chopra and Jayant Sirohi 2014 2014 |
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| Notes | HTTP:URL=http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/66576/cover/9780521866576.jpg Information=Cover image Includes bibliographical references and index Available also in a print ed. Mode of access: Internet via World Wide Web. Title from title screen. |
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| Snippet | The twenty-first century could be called the 'Multifunctional Materials Age'. The inspiration for multifunctional materials comes from nature, and therefore... Smart materials and structures are also referred to as intelligent, adaptive, active, sensory and metamorphic. This book presents our goal to develop... Bio-inspired materials encompass smart materials and structures, multifunctional materials, and nano-structured materials. This is a dawn of revolutionary... |
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| SubjectTerms | Aerospace & Radar Technology Industrial applications Materials & Their Applications Smart materials Smart materials -- Industrial applications Smart structures Smart structures -- Industrial applications TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Engineering (General). bisacsh |
| SubjectTermsDisplay | Electronic books. Smart materials -- Industrial applications. Smart structures -- Industrial applications. |
| TableOfContents | Title Page
Preface
Table of Contents
1. Historical Developments and Potential Applications: Smart Materials and Structures
2. Piezoelectric Actuators and Sensors
3. Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs)
4. Beam Modeling with Induced-Strain Actuation
5. Plate Modeling with Induced-Strain Actuation
6. Magnetostrictives and Electrostrictives
7. Electrorheological and Magnetorheological Fluids
8. Applications of Active Materials in Integrated Systems
Index 2.9.1 Basic Sensing Mechanism -- 2.9.2 Bimorph as a Sensor -- 2.9.3 Signal-Conditioning Electronics -- 2.9.4 Sensor Calibration -- PROBLEM -- Bibliography -- 3 Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) -- 3.1 Fundamentals of SMA Behavior -- 3.1.1 Phase Transformation -- 3.1.2 Lattice Structure and Deformation Mechanism -- 3.1.3 Low-Temperature Stress-Strain Curve -- 3.1.4 Origin of the One-Way SME -- 3.1.5 Stress-Induced Martensite and Pseudoelasticity -- 3.1.6 Two-Way SME -- 3.1.7 All-Round SME -- 3.1.8 R-Phase Transformation -- 3.1.9 Porous SMA -- 3.2 Constrained Behavior of SMA -- 3.2.1 Free Recovery -- 3.2.2 Constrained Recovery -- 3.2.3 Effective Load Lines of an SMA Wire Actuator -- 3.3 Constitutive Models -- 3.4 Quasi-Static Macroscopic Phenomenological Constitutive Models -- 3.4.1 Tanaka Model -- 3.4.2 Liang and Rogers Model -- 3.4.3 Brinson Model -- 3.4.4 Boyd and Lagoudas Model -- 3.4.5 Other SMA Models -- 3.5 Testing of SMA Wires -- 3.5.1 Sample Preparation, Cycling, and Annealing -- 3.5.2 Transformation Temperatures under Zero Stress -- 3.5.3 Variation of Transformation Temperatures with Stress -- 3.5.4 Stress-Strain Behavior at Constant Temperature -- 3.5.5 Stress-Temperature Behavior at Constant Strain -- 3.5.6 Comparison of Resistive Heating and External Heating -- 3.6 Obtaining Critical Points and Model Parameters from Experimental Data -- 3.7 Comparison of Constitutive Models with Experiments -- 3.8 Constrained Recovery Behavior (Stress versus Temperature) at Constant Strain -- 3.8.1 Worked Example -- 3.8.2 Worked Example -- 3.9 Damping Capacity of SMA -- 3.10 Differences in Stress-Strain Behavior in Tension and Compression -- 3.11 Non-Quasi-Static Behavior -- 3.11.1 Stress-Relaxation -- 3.11.2 Effect of Strain Rate -- 3.11.3 Modeling Non-Quasi-Static Behavior -- 3.11.4 Rate Form of Quasi-Static SMA Constitutive Models 5.11.1 Effect of Two-Dimensional Mesh Density on the Computed Global Response 5.1.2 Macromechanical Behavior of a Laminate -- 5.1.3 Resultant Laminate Forces and Moments -- 5.1.4 Displacements-Based Governing Equations -- 5.1.5 Boundary Conditions -- 5.2 Plate Theory with Induced-Strain Actuation -- 5.2.1 Isotropic Plate: Symmetric Actuation (Extension) -- 5.2.2 Isotropic Plate: Antisymmetric Actuation (Bending) -- 5.2.3 Worked Example -- 5.2.4 Single-Layer Specially Orthotropic Plate (Extension) -- 5.2.5 Single-Layer Specially Orthotropic Plate (Bending) -- 5.2.6 Single-Layer Generally Orthotropic Plate (Extension) -- 5.2.7 Single-Layer Generally Orthotropic Plate (Bending) -- 5.2.8 Multilayered Symmetric Laminate Plate -- 5.2.9 Multilayered Antisymmetric Laminate Plate -- 5.2.10 Summary of Couplings in Plate Stiffness Matrices -- 5.2.11 Worked Example -- 5.3 Classical Laminated Plate Theory (CLPT) Equations in Terms of Displacements -- 5.4 Approximate Solutions Using Energy Principles -- 5.4.1 Galerkin Method -- 5.4.2 Rayleigh-Ritz Method -- 5.4.3 Symmetric Laminated Plate Response -- 5.4.4 Laminated Plate with Induced-Strain Actuation -- 5.4.5 Laminated Plate with Antisymmetric Layup: Extension-Torsion Coupling -- 5.4.6 Laminated Plate with Symmetric Layup: Bending-Torsion Coupling -- 5.4.7 Worked Example -- 5.4.8 Worked Example -- 5.4.9 Worked Example -- 5.5 Coupling Efficiency -- 5.5.1 Extension-Torsion Coupling Efficiency -- 5.5.2 Bending-Torsion Coupling Efficiency -- 5.5.3 Comparison of Extension-Torsion and Bending-Torsion Coupling -- 5.6 Classical Laminated Plate Theory (CLPT) with Induced-Strain Actuation for a Dynamic Case -- 5.7 Refined Plate Theories -- 5.8 Classical Laminated Plate Theory (CLPT) for Moderately Large Deflections -- 5.9 First-Order Shear Deformation Plate Theory (FSDT) with Induced-Strain Actuation -- 5.10 Shear Correction Factors -- 5.11 Effect of Laminate Kinematic Assumptions on Global Response Cover -- Halftitle -- Series -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Historical Developments and Potential Applications -- 1.1 Smart Structures -- 1.1.1 Smart Material Actuators and Sensors -- 1.1.2 Smart Actuators -- 1.1.3 Sensors -- 1.1.4 Actuator-Sensor Synthesis -- 1.1.5 Control Methodologies -- 1.2 Manufacturing Issues -- 1.3 Piezoelectricity -- 1.4 Shape Memory Alloys -- 1.5 Electrostrictives -- 1.6 Magnetostrictives -- 1.6.1 Terfenol-D -- 1.6.2 Galfenol -- 1.7 ER and MR Fluids -- 1.8 Capability of Currently Available Smart Materials -- 1.9 Smart Structures Programs -- 1.9.1 Space Systems -- 1.9.2 Fixed-Wing Aircraft -- 1.9.3 Jet Engines -- 1.9.4 Rotary-Wing Aircraft -- 1.9.5 Civil Structures -- 1.9.6 Machine Tools -- 1.9.7 Automotive Systems -- 1.9.8 Marine Systems -- 1.9.9 Medical Systems -- 1.9.10 Electronics Equipment -- 1.9.11 Rail -- 1.9.12 Robots -- 1.9.13 Energy Harvesting -- Bibliography -- 2 Piezoelectric Actuators and Sensors -- 2.1 Fundamentals of Piezoelectricity -- 2.2 Piezoceramics -- 2.3 Soft and Hard Piezoelectric Ceramics -- 2.4 Basic Piezoceramic Characteristics -- 2.5 Electromechanical Constitutive Equations -- 2.5.1 Piezoceramic Actuator Equations -- 2.5.2 Piezoceramic Sensor Equations -- 2.5.3 Alternate Forms of the Constitutive Equations -- 2.5.4 Piezoelectric Coupling Coefficients -- 2.5.5 Actuator Performance and Load Line Analysis -- 2.6 Hysteresis and Nonlinearities in Piezoelectric Materials -- 2.7 Piezoceramic Actuators -- 2.7.1 Behavior under Static Excitation Fields -- 2.7.2 Behavior under Dynamic Excitation Fields -- 2.7.3 Depoling Behavior and Dielectric Breakdown -- 2.7.4 Power Consumption -- 2.8 Equivalent Circuits to Model Piezoceramic Actuators -- 2.8.1 Curie Temperature -- 2.8.2 Cement-Based Piezoelectric Composites -- 2.8.3 Shape Memory Ceramic Actuators -- 2.9 Piezoelectric Sensors 4.5.4 Dissimilar Actuators: Piezo Thickness (tctop =tcbottom) -- 4.5.5 Dissimilar Actuators: Piezo Constants (d31top =d31bottom) -- 4.5.6 Worked Example -- 4.5.7 Bimorph Actuators -- 4.5.8 Induced Beam Response Using Euler-Bernoulli Modeling -- 4.5.9 Embedded Actuators -- 4.5.10 Worked Example -- 4.6 Testing of a Beam with Surface-Mounted Piezoactuators -- 4.6.1 Actuator Configuration -- 4.6.2 Beam Configuration and Wiring of Piezo -- 4.6.3 Procedure -- 4.6.4 Measurement of Tip Slope -- 4.6.5 Data Processing -- 4.7 Extension-Bending-Torsion Beam Model -- 4.8 Beam Equilibrium Equations -- 4.9 Energy Principles and Approximate Solutions -- 4.9.1 Energy Formulation: Uniform-Strain Model -- 4.9.2 Energy Formulation: Euler-Bernoulli Model -- 4.9.3 Galerkin Method -- 4.9.4 Worked Example -- 4.9.5 Worked Example -- 4.9.6 Rayleigh-Ritz Method -- 4.9.7 Worked Example -- 4.9.8 Worked Example -- 4.9.9 Energy Formulation: Dynamic Beam Governing Equation Derived from Hamilton's Principle -- 4.10 Finite Element Analysis with Induced-Strain Actuation -- 4.10.1 Behavior of a Single Element -- 4.10.2 Assembly of Global Mass and Stiffness Matrices -- 4.10.3 Beam Bending with Induced-Strain Actuation -- 4.10.4 Worked Example -- 4.11 First Order Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT) for Beams with Induced-Strain Actuation -- 4.11.1 Formulation of the FSDT for a Beam -- 4.11.2 Shear Correction Factor -- 4.11.3 Transverse Deflection of Uniform Isotropic Beams Including Shear Correction -- 4.11.4 Induced Beam Response Using Timoshenko Shear Model -- 4.11.5 Energy Formulation: FSDT -- 4.12 Layer-Wise Theories -- 4.13 Review of Beam Modeling -- PROBLEMS -- Bibliography -- 5 Plate Modeling with Induced-Strain Actuation -- 5.1 Classical Laminated Plate Theory (CLPT) Formulation without Actuation -- 5.1.1 Stress-Strain Relations for a Lamina at an Arbitrary Orientation 3.11.5 Thermomechanical Energy Equilibrium -- 3.11.6 Cyclic Loading -- 3.12 Power Requirements for SMA Activation -- 3.12.1 Power Input: Resistance Behavior of SMA Wires -- 3.12.2 Heat Absorbed by the SMA Wire -- 3.12.3 Heat Dissipation -- 3.13 Torsional Analysis of SMA Rods and Tubes -- 3.13.1 Validation with Test Data -- 3.13.2 Constrained Recovery Behavior -- 3.14 Composite Structures with Embedded SMA Wires -- 3.14.1 Variable Stiffness Composite Beams -- 3.14.2 SMA-in-Sleeve Concept -- 3.14.3 Beams with Embedded SMA Wires -- 3.14.4 Power Requirements for Activation of SMA in Structures -- 3.14.5 Fabrication of Variable Stiffness Composite Beams -- 3.14.6 Experimental Testing of Variable Stiffness Beams -- 3.15 Concluding Remarks -- Bibliography -- 4 Beam Modeling with Induced-Strain Actuation -- 4.1 Material Elastic Constants -- 4.2 Basic Definitions: Stress, Strains, and Displacements -- 4.2.1 Beams -- 4.2.2 Transverse Deflection of Uniform Isotropic Beams -- 4.3 Simple Blocked-Force Beam Model (Pin Force Model) -- 4.3.1 Single Actuator Characteristics -- 4.3.2 Dual Actuators: Symmetric Actuation -- 4.3.3 Single Actuator: Asymmetric Actuation -- 4.3.4 Unequal Electric Voltage (Vtop =Vbottom) -- 4.3.5 Dissimilar Actuators: Piezo Thickness (tctop =tcbottom ) -- 4.3.6 Dissimilar Actuators: Piezo Constants (d31top =d31bottom) -- 4.3.7 Worked Example -- 4.4 Uniform-Strain Model -- 4.4.1 Dual Actuators: Symmetric Actuation -- 4.4.2 Single Actuator: Asymmetric Actuation -- 4.4.3 Unequal Electric Voltage (Vtop =Vbottom) -- 4.4.4 Dissimilar Actuators: Piezo Thickness (tctop =tcbottom) -- 4.4.5 Dissimilar Actuators: Piezo Constants (d31top =d31bottom ) -- 4.4.6 Worked Example -- 4.5 Euler-Bernoulli Beam Model -- 4.5.1 Dual Actuators: Symmetric Actuation -- 4.5.2 Single Actuator: Asymmetric Actuation -- 4.5.3 Unequal Electric Voltage (Vtop =Vbottom) |
| Title | Smart Structures Theory |
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