A Methodology for Designing a Roof Rainwater Quality Sensing-Recording-Grading System Using Low-Cost Sensors Paired with Microcontroller Software
We present a methodology for creating a roof rainwater harvesting (RWH) contaminant sensing-recording-grading (SRG) system comprising hardware and software components like low-cost sensors, a solar-powered data logger, a publicly available Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) software, a...
Uloženo v:
| Vydáno v: | ACS ES&T water Ročník 5; číslo 8; s. 4404 |
|---|---|
| Hlavní autoři: | , , , , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Vydáno: |
United States
08.08.2025
|
| Témata: | |
| ISSN: | 2690-0637, 2690-0637 |
| On-line přístup: | Zjistit podrobnosti o přístupu |
| Tagy: |
Přidat tag
Žádné tagy, Buďte první, kdo vytvoří štítek k tomuto záznamu!
|
| Abstract | We present a methodology for creating a roof rainwater harvesting (RWH) contaminant sensing-recording-grading (SRG) system comprising hardware and software components like low-cost sensors, a solar-powered data logger, a publicly available Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) software, and smart mobile and web applications for data retrieval. We illustrate the prototype SRG system designed for monitoring basic roof-RWH quality parameters (i.e., electrical conductivity (
S/cm), temperature (°C), and depth (mm)) with a temporal frequency of 15 min from February to August 2024 in a rain barrel receiving rooftop runoff from a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) building located in Georgia, USA. We established data validation protocols and verified the performance of the sensors by using an alternative set of sensors. We performed minimal data filling and comparable data cleaning for intermittent data gaps, which were partly attributed to extreme weather conditions or hardware or software issues. Analysis of the cleaned data set showed a robust performance of the tested sensors comparable to the validation sensor, with strong Pearson correlation coefficients between the two sensors' conductivity (0.99) and temperature measurements (1.00) and similar data spreads and mean values. The clean data analysis also showed that the RWH conductivity ranged from 7 to 116
S/cm, the temperature ranged from 5 to 29 °C, and the depth ranged from 29 to 838 mm, from February to August 2024. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | We present a methodology for creating a roof rainwater harvesting (RWH) contaminant sensing-recording-grading (SRG) system comprising hardware and software components like low-cost sensors, a solar-powered data logger, a publicly available Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) software, and smart mobile and web applications for data retrieval. We illustrate the prototype SRG system designed for monitoring basic roof-RWH quality parameters (i.e., electrical conductivity (μS/cm), temperature (°C), and depth (mm)) with a temporal frequency of 15 min from February to August 2024 in a rain barrel receiving rooftop runoff from a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) building located in Georgia, USA. We established data validation protocols and verified the performance of the sensors by using an alternative set of sensors. We performed minimal data filling and comparable data cleaning for intermittent data gaps, which were partly attributed to extreme weather conditions or hardware or software issues. Analysis of the cleaned data set showed a robust performance of the tested sensors comparable to the validation sensor, with strong Pearson correlation coefficients between the two sensors' conductivity (0.99) and temperature measurements (1.00) and similar data spreads and mean values. The clean data analysis also showed that the RWH conductivity ranged from 7 to 116 μS/cm, the temperature ranged from 5 to 29 °C, and the depth ranged from 29 to 838 mm, from February to August 2024.We present a methodology for creating a roof rainwater harvesting (RWH) contaminant sensing-recording-grading (SRG) system comprising hardware and software components like low-cost sensors, a solar-powered data logger, a publicly available Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) software, and smart mobile and web applications for data retrieval. We illustrate the prototype SRG system designed for monitoring basic roof-RWH quality parameters (i.e., electrical conductivity (μS/cm), temperature (°C), and depth (mm)) with a temporal frequency of 15 min from February to August 2024 in a rain barrel receiving rooftop runoff from a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) building located in Georgia, USA. We established data validation protocols and verified the performance of the sensors by using an alternative set of sensors. We performed minimal data filling and comparable data cleaning for intermittent data gaps, which were partly attributed to extreme weather conditions or hardware or software issues. Analysis of the cleaned data set showed a robust performance of the tested sensors comparable to the validation sensor, with strong Pearson correlation coefficients between the two sensors' conductivity (0.99) and temperature measurements (1.00) and similar data spreads and mean values. The clean data analysis also showed that the RWH conductivity ranged from 7 to 116 μS/cm, the temperature ranged from 5 to 29 °C, and the depth ranged from 29 to 838 mm, from February to August 2024. We present a methodology for creating a roof rainwater harvesting (RWH) contaminant sensing-recording-grading (SRG) system comprising hardware and software components like low-cost sensors, a solar-powered data logger, a publicly available Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) software, and smart mobile and web applications for data retrieval. We illustrate the prototype SRG system designed for monitoring basic roof-RWH quality parameters (i.e., electrical conductivity ( S/cm), temperature (°C), and depth (mm)) with a temporal frequency of 15 min from February to August 2024 in a rain barrel receiving rooftop runoff from a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) building located in Georgia, USA. We established data validation protocols and verified the performance of the sensors by using an alternative set of sensors. We performed minimal data filling and comparable data cleaning for intermittent data gaps, which were partly attributed to extreme weather conditions or hardware or software issues. Analysis of the cleaned data set showed a robust performance of the tested sensors comparable to the validation sensor, with strong Pearson correlation coefficients between the two sensors' conductivity (0.99) and temperature measurements (1.00) and similar data spreads and mean values. The clean data analysis also showed that the RWH conductivity ranged from 7 to 116 S/cm, the temperature ranged from 5 to 29 °C, and the depth ranged from 29 to 838 mm, from February to August 2024. |
| Author | Ghimire, Santosh R Blaskey, Dylan Kraemer, Stephen R Wolfe, Kurt Lindquist, Alan Johnston, John M |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Santosh R orcidid: 0000-0001-7038-4167 surname: Ghimire fullname: Ghimire, Santosh R organization: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States – sequence: 2 givenname: Kurt surname: Wolfe fullname: Wolfe, Kurt organization: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States – sequence: 3 givenname: John M orcidid: 0000-0002-5886-7876 surname: Johnston fullname: Johnston, John M organization: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States – sequence: 4 givenname: Stephen R surname: Kraemer fullname: Kraemer, Stephen R organization: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, San Francisco, California 94105, United States – sequence: 5 givenname: Dylan orcidid: 0000-0003-0115-1129 surname: Blaskey fullname: Blaskey, Dylan organization: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States – sequence: 6 givenname: Alan surname: Lindquist fullname: Lindquist, Alan organization: Formerly, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40950640$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNpNkEFPAjEQhRuDEUR-gYnp0cvibJdt2SNBRROICnIm3bYLNcsOtiVkf4b_2AU18TB5L5kvb_LmkrQqrAwh1zH0Y2DxnVTe-HCQwbh-qgBgwM9Ih_EMIuCJaP3zbdLz_qNBWJIOYzG8IO0BZCnwAXTI14jOTNigxhLXNS3Q0Xvj7bqy1ZpKOkcs6Fza6nSJvu1laUNNF6byDRDNjUKnj27i5FHpovbBbOnyuKZTPERj9OHEo_P0VVpnND3YsKEzqxwqrILDsmyyF1g0fZy5IueFLL3p_WqXLB8f3sdP0fRl8jweTSPJBIRIQjHQOgEuEyHBsFgJkatMKANNSZmqTBciZ1wIzuOc5ZpzkTcDCYg8TTXrktuf3J3Dz33zzNXWemXKUlYG936VsBSSTAiRNOjNL7rPt0avds5upatXf29k30ore_E |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| DBID | NPM 7X8 |
| DOI | 10.1021/acsestwater.5c00046 |
| DatabaseName | PubMed MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitle | PubMed MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | MEDLINE - Academic PubMed |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: 7X8 name: MEDLINE - Academic url: https://search.proquest.com/medline sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | no_fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Geography |
| EISSN | 2690-0637 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 40950640 |
| Genre | Journal Article |
| GrantInformation_xml | – fundername: Intramural EPA grantid: EPA999999 |
| GroupedDBID | ABBLG ABJNI ABLBI ABQRX ACS ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS BAANH CUPRZ EBS GGK NPM VF5 VG9 7X8 |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-a270t-a0f4dd306a37a0e21c77bc97ce0817a5c9df7b2677661b2bd667b6670307b55d2 |
| IEDL.DBID | 7X8 |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 0 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=001531613600001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 2690-0637 |
| IngestDate | Mon Sep 15 18:47:57 EDT 2025 Thu Sep 18 02:01:58 EDT 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | false |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 8 |
| Keywords | temperature rainwater sensor conductivity rainwater quality roof rainwater harvesting |
| Language | English |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-a270t-a0f4dd306a37a0e21c77bc97ce0817a5c9df7b2677661b2bd667b6670307b55d2 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7038-4167 0000-0003-0115-1129 0000-0002-5886-7876 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00046 |
| PMID | 40950640 |
| PQID | 3250397773 |
| PQPubID | 23479 |
| ParticipantIDs | proquest_miscellaneous_3250397773 pubmed_primary_40950640 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2025-Aug-08 20250808 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2025-08-08 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 08 year: 2025 text: 2025-Aug-08 day: 08 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | United States |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: United States |
| PublicationTitle | ACS ES&T water |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | ACS ES T Water |
| PublicationYear | 2025 |
| SSID | ssj0002358178 |
| Score | 2.299949 |
| Snippet | We present a methodology for creating a roof rainwater harvesting (RWH) contaminant sensing-recording-grading (SRG) system comprising hardware and software... |
| SourceID | proquest pubmed |
| SourceType | Aggregation Database Index Database |
| StartPage | 4404 |
| Title | A Methodology for Designing a Roof Rainwater Quality Sensing-Recording-Grading System Using Low-Cost Sensors Paired with Microcontroller Software |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40950640 https://www.proquest.com/docview/3250397773 |
| Volume | 5 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos001531613600001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1Lb9NAEF4BRYJLoQVKykOL1OsqXj92NicUtRQOTRQ1VMot2mdBQnYaB6L-jP5jZtZOOSEhcbDlgx-r9ew8v52PsRMtoy1G0gppMifK0kthY1RCujJEo3SMJvWZvYDpVC8Wo1mfcGt7WOVOJyZF7RtHOfJhgbaanBUoPq5uBLFGUXW1p9B4yPYKWWiiboCFvs-x0DZQmZRxjkGgQGsMu8ZDuRwa1-JHtoZIqSqXtlH-3c1M5ub82f8O9Dnb7x1NPu4k44A9CPUhe9Jznn-7fcHuxnyS6KNTYp2j88rPEpwDjRk3_LJpIqfqTxo673pt3PI5Ad7ra9GFrXT1eZ1g-Lzrfc4TBoFfNFtx2rSbdH-zbvnMoG71nNK-fEIgwB4j_wPfPUdTsDXr8JJdnX_6evpF9AQNwuSQbYTJYuk9Bh2mAJOFXDoA60bgAjoaYCo38hFsrgDQC7C59UqBxYMUi60qn79ij-qmDq8Z11AoW0btjTKlKr2GAFVUKGBWeQ96wD7sZnuJC4CqGqYOzc92-We-B-yo-2XLVdepY4nBKzXky47_4ek37GlO3L4EB9Fv2V7E5R_escfu1-Z7u36fJAvP09nkN8Hd3N8 |
| linkProvider | ProQuest |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Methodology+for+Designing+a+Roof+Rainwater+Quality+Sensing-Recording-Grading+System+Using+Low-Cost+Sensors+Paired+with+Microcontroller+Software&rft.jtitle=ACS+ES%26T+water&rft.au=Ghimire%2C+Santosh+R&rft.au=Wolfe%2C+Kurt&rft.au=Johnston%2C+John+M&rft.au=Kraemer%2C+Stephen+R&rft.date=2025-08-08&rft.eissn=2690-0637&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=8&rft.spage=4404&rft_id=info:doi/10.1021%2Facsestwater.5c00046&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F40950640&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F40950640&rft.externalDocID=40950640 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2690-0637&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2690-0637&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2690-0637&client=summon |