The nature of physical computation
Computing systems are everywhere today. Even the brain is thought to be a sort of computing system. But what does it mean to say that a given organ or system computes? What is it about laptops, smartphones, and nervous systems that they are deemed to compute, and why does it seldom occur to us to de...
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| Médium: | E-kniha Kniha |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Vydáno: |
New York
Oxford University Press
2022
Oxford University Press, Incorporated |
| Vydání: | 1 |
| Edice: | Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Science |
| Témata: | |
| ISBN: | 0197552382, 9780197552384, 9780197552407, 0197552404 |
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| Abstract | Computing systems are everywhere today. Even the brain is thought to be a sort of computing system. But what does it mean to say that a given organ or system computes? What is it about laptops, smartphones, and nervous systems that they are deemed to compute, and why does it seldom occur to us to describe stomachs, hurricanes, rocks, or chairs that way? The book provides an extended argument for the semantic view of computation, which states that semantic properties are involved in the nature of computing systems. Laptops, smartphones, and nervous systems compute because they are accompanied by representations. Stomachs, hurricanes, and rocks, for instance, which do not have semantic properties, do not compute. The first part of the book argues that the linkage between the mathematical theory of computability and the notion of physical computation is weak. Theoretical notions such as algorithms, effective procedure, program, and automaton play only a minor role in identifying physical computation. The second part of the book reviews three influential accounts of physical computation and argues that while none of these accounts is satisfactory, each of them highlights certain key features of physical computation. The final part of the book develops and argues for a semantic account of physical computation and offers a characterization of computational explanations. |
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| AbstractList | "Computing systems are everywhere today. Even the brain is thought to be a sort of computing system. But what does it mean to say that a given organ or system computes? What is it about laptops, smartphones, and nervous systems that they are deemed to compute, and why does it seldom occur to us to describe stomachs, hurricanes, rocks, or chairs that way? The book provides an extended argument for the semantic view of computation, which states that semantic properties are involved in the nature of computing systems. Laptops, smartphones, and nervous systems compute because they are accompanied by representations. Stomachs, hurricanes, and rocks, for instance, which do not have semantic properties, do not compute. The first part of the book argues that the linkage between the mathematical theory of computability and the notion of physical computation is weak. Theoretical notions such as algorithms, effective procedure, program, and automa Computing systems are everywhere today. Even the brain is thought to be a sort of computing system. But what does it mean to say that a given organ or system computes? What is it about laptops, smartphones, and nervous systems that they are deemed to compute, and why does it seldom occur to us to describe stomachs, hurricanes, rocks, or chairs that way? The book provides an extended argument for the semantic view of computation, which states that semantic properties are involved in the nature of computing systems. Laptops, smartphones, and nervous systems compute because they are accompanied by representations. Stomachs, hurricanes, and rocks, for instance, which do not have semantic properties, do not compute. The first part of the book argues that the linkage between the mathematical theory of computability and the notion of physical computation is weak. Theoretical notions such as algorithms, effective procedure, program, and automaton play only a minor role in identifying physical computation. The second part of the book reviews three influential accounts of physical computation and argues that while none of these accounts is satisfactory, each of them highlights certain key features of physical computation. The final part of the book develops and argues for a semantic account of physical computation and offers a characterization of computational explanations. Computing systems are ubiquitous in contemporary life. Even the brain is thought to be a computing system of sorts. But what does it mean to say that an organ or a system computes? What is it about laptops, smartphones, and nervous systems that they are deemed to compute-and why does it seldom occur to us to describe stomachs, hurricanes, rocks, or chairs that way? These questions are key to the conceptual foundations of computational sciences, includingcomputer science and engineering, and the cognitive and neural sciences. Oron Shagrir here provides an extended argument for the semantic view of computation, which states that semantic properties are involved in the nature of computing systems. The first part of the book provides general background. Although different in scope, these chapters have a common theme-that the linkage between the mathematical theory of computability and the notion of physical computation is weak. The second part of the book reviews existing non-semantic accounts of physicalcomputation. Shagrir offers an in-depth analysis of three influential accounts, and argues that none of these accounts is satisfactory, but each of them highlights certain key features of physical computation that he eventually entwines into his own account of computation. The last part of the book presents anddefends an original semantic account of physical computation, with a phenomenon known as 'simultaneous implementation' (or 'indeterminacy of computation') at its core. What does it mean to say that an object or system computes? What is it about laptops, smartphones, and nervous systems that they are considered to compute, and why does it seldom occur to us to describe stomachs, hurricanes, rocks, or chairs that way? Though computing systems are everywhere today, it is very difficult to answer these questions. The book aims to shed light on the subject by arguing for the semantic view of computation, which states that computing systems are always accompanied by representations. This view is presented as an alternative to non-semantic views such as the mechanistic account of computation. |
| Author | Shagrir, Oron |
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| Keywords | models Turing computability implementation program execution information mechanism explanation physical computation representation algorithm |
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| Notes | Includes bibliographical references (p. [271]-299) and indexes |
| OCLC | OCN: 1260692959 1287137645 |
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| Snippet | Computing systems are everywhere today. Even the brain is thought to be a sort of computing system. But what does it mean to say that a given organ or system... What does it mean to say that an object or system computes? What is it about laptops, smartphones, and nervous systems that they are considered to compute, and... Computing systems are ubiquitous in contemporary life. Even the brain is thought to be a computing system of sorts. But what does it mean to say that an organ... "Computing systems are everywhere today. Even the brain is thought to be a sort of computing system. But what does it mean to say that a given organ or system... |
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| SubjectTerms | Computer science Computer science -- Philosophy Computers Computers -- Philosophy Computing and Information Technology Metaphysics Philosophy of Computational Science Philosophy of Mathematics & Logic Philosophy of Science Semantic computing |
| TableOfContents | 4.3.2 Attractor Neural Networks -- 4.3.3 A Neural Network for the n- Queens Problem -- 4.3.4 Do Attractor Neural Networks Compute? -- 4.3.5 A Way Out of the Dilemma? -- 4.4 Summary -- 5: Computation as Implementation -- 5.1 Triviality Results -- 5.1.1 Searle's Triviality Results -- 5.1.2 Putnam's Triviality Results -- 5.1.3 Implications of Triviality Results -- 5.2 Avoiding Triviality -- 5.2.1 Chalmers's Account of Implementation -- 5.2.2 Weak Triviality and Its (Non- )Consequences -- 5.2.3 Does Chalmers's Account Avoid the Consequences of Strong Triviality? -- 5.3 From Implementation to Computation -- 5.3.1 Is Implementation Necessary for Computation? -- 5.3.2 Is Implementation Sufficient for Computation? -- 5.4 Summary -- 6: Computation as Mechanism -- 6.1 An Outline of the Mechanistic Account -- 6.2 What Is "Mechanistic" in the Mechanistic Account? -- 6.3 Computational and Mechanistic Explanations -- 6.3.1 Computational and DecompositionalExplanations -- 6.3.2 Abstract Explanations and Structural Properties -- 6.3.3 Computational and Implementational Hierarchies -- 6.3.4 Information Processing and Causal Structure -- 6.3.5 Summary -- 6.4 Rules, Medium- Independence, and Teleological Functions -- 6.5 Summary -- 7: The Semantic View of Computation -- 7.1 What Is a Semantic View of Computation? -- 7.1.1 Essential Involvement -- 7.1.2 Non- Semantic Views -- 7.1.3 Variants of the Semantic View -- 7.1.4 Semantics -- 7.1.5 Non- Semantic Accounts of Semantic Properties -- 7.1.6 What the Semantic View Is Not -- 7.1.7 The Gist of My Account -- 7.1.8 Supporting the Semantic View -- 7.2 Objections to the Semantic View -- 7.3 Summary -- 8: An Argument for the Semantic View -- 8.1 Simultaneous Implementation -- 8.2 The Master Argument: From Simultaneous Implementation to the Semantic Individuation of Computational States 8.3 Objection 1: Computational Individuation Is More Basic -- 8.4 Objection 2: Externalism Without Content -- 8.5 Summary -- 9: Computing as Modeling -- 9.1 What Is Modeling? -- 9.1.1 Input- Output Mirroring -- 9.1.2 Input- Output Modeling -- 9.1.3 The Neural Integrator in the Oculomotor System -- 9.1.4 The Neural Integrator as an Internal Model -- 9.2 The Modeling Notion of Computation -- 9.2.1 Modeling and Implementing -- 9.2.2 The Definition of Computing -- 9.2.3 Is Computing Modeling? -- 9.3 Others Who Have Linked Computing to Modeling -- 9.3.1 Grush on Neural Computation -- 9.3.2 Marr on Computational- Level Theories -- 9.3.3 Summary -- 9.4 The Methodological Role of Modeling -- 9.5 Computational Explanations -- 9.5.1 Marr's Computational- Level Explanations -- 9.5.2 Egan's Function- Theoretic Explanations -- 9.5.3 Chirimuuta's Optimality Explanations -- 9.6 Summary -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Bibliography -- Name Index -- Subject Index Cover -- The Nature of Physical Computation -- Copyright -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1: Desiderata of a Theory of Computation -- 1.1 Scope -- 1.2 Features -- 1.2.1 Meaning -- 1.2.2 Ontology -- 1.2.3 Utility -- 1.3 Summary -- 2: Turing's Computability -- 2.1 The 1936 Affair -- 2.2 Turing's Analysis -- 2.3 Who Is "the Computer"? -- 2.3.1 Abstractness -- 2.3.2 Idealization: Competence and Performance -- 2.3.3 Cognitive Versus Non- Cognitive -- 2.4 Effective Computability and Machine Computation -- 2.5 Summary -- 3: Preamble to Machine Computation -- 3.1 Gandy's Account of Machine Computation -- 3.1.1 Gandy Machines, Turing Machines, and HUMAN Computers -- 3.1.2 Summary -- 3.2 Generic Computation -- 3.2.1 Infinite- Time Turing Machines -- 3.2.2 Why Infinite- Time Turing Machines Are Not Gandy Machines -- 3.3 Algorithmic Computation -- 3.3.1 What Is an Algorithm? -- 3.3.2 Computational Complexity -- 3.3.3 Algorithmic Machine Computation and Generic Computation -- 3.3.4 Algorithmic Computation and Gandy Machines -- 3.3.5 Summary -- 3.4 Physical Computation -- 3.4.1 What Is Physical? -- 3.4.2 Computability over the Reals -- 3.4.3 Is the Bold Physical Church- Turing Thesis True? -- 3.4.4 Relativistic Computation -- 3.4.5 Does Relativistic Computation Refute the Modest Thesis? -- 3.4.6 Supertasks and Algorithmic Computation -- 3.4.7 Physical Computation and Gandy Machines -- 3.4.8 The Relationship Between Physical and Other Notions of Computation -- 3.5 Summary -- 4: Computation as Step- Satisfaction -- 4.1 Cummins's Account of Computation -- 4.1.1 Satisfaction and Instantiation -- 4.1.2 Step- Satisfaction -- 4.1.3 The Essentials of the Account -- 4.2 Is Step- Satisfaction Necessary for Computation? -- 4.2.1 Pitowsky's Average Machine -- 4.2.2 A Way Out of the Dilemma? -- 4.3 Neural Computation -- 4.3.1 Neural Networks |
| Title | The nature of physical computation |
| URI | https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1130573704407772079 https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/134378 https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/87756 https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197552384.001.0001 https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/[SITE_ID]/detail.action?docID=6811541 https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=none&isbn=9780197552391 https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=none&isbn=9780197552407 |
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