Entrepreneurship, Growth, and Public Policy
While the public policy community has turned to entrepreneurship to maintain, restore, or generate economic prosperity, the economics profession has been remarkably taciturn in providing guidance for public policy for understanding the links between entrepreneurship and economic growth as well as fo...
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| Médium: | E-kniha Kniha |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
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New York
Cambridge University Press
02.02.2009
Cambridge Univ. Press |
| Vydání: | 1 |
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| ISBN: | 9781107686533, 1107686539, 0521894921, 9780521894920 |
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- 11.3. The Bayh-Dole Act and Academic Patenting in the United States -- 11.3.1. The ''Pre-Bayh-Dole'' Era -- 11.3.2. Sources of Growth in University Patenting during the 1970s -- 11.3.3. Origins of the Bayh-Dole Act -- 11.3.4. The Effects of Bayh-Dole -- 11.4. Case Studies of University-Industry Technology Transfer -- 11.5. Industry Criticism of U.S. University Licensing Policies -- 11.6. International ''Emulation'' of the Bayh-Dole Act -- 11.7. Conclusion -- References -- 12 Academic Entrepreneurship in Europe: A Different Perspective -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Why Stimulate Entrepreneurship in Schools, Particularly in Europe? -- 12.2.1. Entrepreneurship Has Economic Value -- 12.2.2. Stimulating Entrepreneurship Is Especially Relevant for Europe -- 12.2.3. The European Commission: Create an Entrepreneurial Culture through Education -- 12.2.4. At What Stage of Education Should Entrepreneurial Mindsets be Encouraged? -- 12.3. Economic Theory about the Returns to Education for Entrepreneurs -- 12.3.1. Human Capital Theory -- 12.3.2. ''Screening'' Theories -- 12.4. Empirical Evidence of the Returns to Education for Entrepreneurs -- 12.4.1. Common Opinions -- 12.4.2. ''Old Fashioned'' Empirical Evidence of the Returns to Education for Entrepreneurs -- 12.4.3. ''State of the Art'' Methods to Measure Returns to Education -- 12.4.4. ''State of the Art'' Empirical Evidence of the Returns to Education for Entrepreneurs -- 12.5. Policy and Research Implications for Europe -- 12.5.1. Assumptions -- 12.5.2. Stimulating Entrepreneurship among University Students -- 12.5.3. Finding Instruments to Stimulate Entrepreneurship among University Students -- 12.5.4. Randomized Field Experiments Should Be More Common -- 12.5.5. Public Policymakers as Well as School Boards Should Develop a Different Attitude -- 12.5.6. New Research Questions Should be Posed and Answered
- Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction: Why Entrepreneurship Matters -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Was Entrepreneurship Really so Unimportant? -- 1.3. Entrepreneurship as a Conduit of Knowledge Spillovers -- 1.4. Public Policy for the Entrepreneurial Economy -- 1.5. Distilling and Defining Terms -- 1.6. Conclusions -- References -- PART I THE ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INNOVATION -- 2 Capitalism: Growth Miracle Maker, Growth Saboteur -- 2.1. Capitalism and Its Subspecies -- 2.2. On the Growth Miracle of Capitalism -- 2.3. Oligarchic Capitalist Regimes -- 2.3.1. Underground Economic Activity -- 2.3.2. Corruption -- 2.3.3. Growth Disincentives -- 2.4. State-Guided Capitalism -- 2.4.1. Accomplishments of State-Guided Capitalism -- 2.4.2. Pitfalls of State-Guided Capitalism -- 2.5. Big-Firm Capitalism -- 2.5.1. Advantages of Big-Firm, Oligopolistic Capitalism -- 2.5.2. Disadvantages of Big-Firm, Oligopolistic Capitalism -- 2.6. Entrepreneurial Capitalism -- 2.6.1. New Firms and Breakthrough Innovations -- 2.6.2. Large Firms and the Contagion of Innovation -- 2.7. How Do We Get There? -- References -- 3 Toward a Model of Innovation and Performance Along the Lines of Knight, Keynes, Hayek, and M. Polanyı -- 3.1. The Beginnings of Capitalism Theory -- 3.1.1. Schumpeter's Extensions of the Classical Model -- 3.1.2. The Early Moderns' Understanding of Capitalism and Its Dynamism -- 3.2. A Rudimentary Framework for Theoretical Study of Innovation -- 3.2.1. The Construct of an ''Innovation Fair'' -- 3.2.2. Equilibrium and Disequilibrium in the Innovation Market -- 3.2.3. What Drives Financiers to Back Any Innovation at All? -- 3.2.4. Comparative Statics: Expected Reward, Wealth, Economic Culture, Institutions -- 3.2.5. The Structuring of Innovation Finance
- 3.3. Economic Performance: The Role of Innovative Activity -- 3.4. Concluding Remarks -- References -- 4 Advance of Total Factor Productivity from Entrepreneurial Innovations -- 4.1. Thumbnail Sketches of Economists' Grappling with Technical Change -- 4.2. The Age of Scientific Discovery -- 4.3. Technical Economic Paradigms -- 4.4. Postwar Convergent Trends of Regional Factor Price Returns -- 4.5. Conclusion -- References -- 5 Silicon Valley, a Chip off the Old Detroit Bloc -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Evolution of the Semiconductor Industry and Its Agglomeration in Silicon Valley -- 5.3. Spinoff Analysis -- 5.3.1. Fertility and Location -- 5.3.2. Performance of Spinoffs -- 5.3.3. Origin of the Leading Silicon Valley Spinoffs -- 5.4. Evolution of the Automobile Industry and Its Agglomeration in Detroit -- 5.5. Spinoff Analysis -- 5.5.1. Fertility and Location -- 5.5.2. Performance of Spinoffs -- 5.5.3. Origins of the Leading Spinoffs of Detroit-Area Firms -- 5.6. Discussion -- References -- PART II LINKING ENTREPRENEURSHIP TO GROWTH -- 6 Entrepreneurship and Job Growth -- 6.1. Introduction and Overview -- 6.2. What Do We Know about Young and Small Business Dynamics and Their Role in Economic Performance? -- 6.3. Job Flows for the U.S. Private Sector -- 6.4. The Role of Employer Size and Age -- 6.5. Privately Held versus Publicly Traded Firms: Growth and Changing Volatility -- 6.6. Pre-History of Young Employer Firms -- 6.7. Concluding Remarks -- References -- 7 Entrepreneurship at American Universities -- 7.1. Some Historical Perspectives -- 7.2. Aeronautical Engineering -- 7.3. Chemical Engineering -- 7.4. Computing -- 7.5. Diagnostic Devices -- 7.5.1. The Endoscope -- 7.5.2. Computed Tomography -- 7.5.3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- 7.6. Some Concluding Observations -- References -- 8 Scientist Commercialization and Knowledge Transfer?
- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Scientist Commercialization of University Research -- 8.3. Measurement Issues -- 8.3.1. Patents -- 8.3.2. Small Business Innovation Research -- 8.3.3. Licenses -- 8.4. Determinants of Scientist Commercialization -- 8.4.1. Main Factors -- Scientist Life Cycle -- Knowledge Production Function - Resources -- Scientific Human Capital -- Locational and Institutional Contexts -- 8.4.2. Estimation of a Logit Model -- Resources -- Gender -- Location -- University Type -- Scientist Human Capital (Quality) -- 8.5. Conclusions -- References -- 9 Why Entrepreneurship Matters for Germany -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. What Is the Economic Function of Entrepreneurship? -- 9.3. Entrepreneurship and the Innovation Process -- 9.3.1. Background -- 9.3.2. Uncertain New Knowledge and Entrepreneurial Vision -- 9.3.3. The Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship -- 9.4. Empirical Evidence for Germany -- 9.4.1. New Knowledge as Driver of Entrepreneurship -- 9.4.2. Entrepreneurship and Economic Performance -- 9.4.3. Entrepreneurship, Start-ups, and Failure -- 9.5. Summary and Policy Implications -- References -- PART III POLICY -- 10 Entreprenomics Entrepreneurship, Economic Growth, and Policy -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. The Era of the Managed Economy and the Emergence of the Entrepreneurial One -- 10.3. Contrasting the Entrepreneurial and Managed Models -- 10.4. Consequences of Entrepreneurship -- 10.5. The Response of Europe -- 10.6. An Entrepreneurship Policy Framework Including Six Channels of Intervention -- 10.7. Concluding Remarks -- References -- 11 The Bayh-Dole Act and High-Technology Entrepreneurship in the United States during the 1980s and 1990s -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. How Does Academic Research Influence Industrial Innovation? A Review of Recent Studies
- 12.6. Conclusion -- References -- 13 Creating an Entrepreneurial Economy: The Role of Public Policy -- 13.1. Introduction -- 13.2. Technology and Growth -- 13.3. The Role of Spillovers from University-Based Research -- 13.4. The Emergence of Entrepreneurship Policy -- 13.4.1. Early U.S. Response to Globalization: The Diversification of Public Policy -- Reagonomics -- America's Response to Recession -- ''It's the Economy, Stupid!'' -- 13.4.2. U.S. Innovation and Technology Policy-Making since the 1990s -- 13.5. The Diffusion of Entrepreneurship Policy to Germany -- 13.5.1. Entrepreneurship Policy as Competitiveness Strategy -- 13.5.2. Bayh-Dole Made in Germany -- 13.6. Conclusions -- References -- 14 ''Entrepreneurial Capitalism" in Capitalist Development: Toward a Synthesis of Capitalist Development and the "Economy as a Whole -- 14.1. Introduction -- 14.2. From Managerial to Entrepreneurial Capitalism -- 14.3. Knowledge as a Source of Entrepreneurial Opportunity -- 14.4. The Entrepreneurship-Philanthropy Nexus -- 14.5. Conclusion -- References -- Index