Investigating Civilian Casualties in Time of Armed Conflict and Belligerent Occupation Manoeuvring Between Legal Regimes and Paradigms for the Use of Force

In Investigating Civilian Casualties Alon Margalit discusses the appropriate response to State-caused fatalities. Highlighting various legal and practical challenges, the State's duty to investigate is considered amid increasing public scrutiny and influence of human rights law during military...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Margalit, Alon
Format: eBook Book
Language:English
Published: Leiden Brill Nijhoff 30.06.2018
BRILL
Edition:1
Series:International Humanitarian Law Series
Subjects:
Military occupation
War > Protection of civilians
War crimes investigation
ISBN:9004368205, 9789004368200
Online Access:Get full text
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Table of Contents:
  • Intro -- Investigating Civilian Casualties in Time of Armed Conflict and Belligerent Occupation: Manoeuvring Between Legal Regimes and Paradigms for the Use of Force -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Abbreviations -- Part 1: Introduction -- 1 The Investigative Response to Civilian Casualties: More Questions Than Answers -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Taking a Closer Look -- 1.3 Book Overview -- 1.3.1 The Use of Force, Civilian Casualties and Investigations -- 1.3.2 Manoeuvring between Operational Paradigms and Legal Regimes -- Part 2: Setting the Normative Framework -- 2 'The Trigger Question': When Do Civilian Casualties Require an Investigation? -- 2.1 The Investigation Trigger under International Human Rights Law (IHRL) -- 2.2 The Investigation Trigger under the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) -- 2.2.1 War Crimes -- 2.2.2 A Failure of Precautions -- 2.2.3 A Duty to Investigate All Cases of Civilian Casualties? -- 2.3 Conclusion -- 3 'The Standards Question': How to Investigate Civilian Casualties? -- 3.1 Investigation Standards under IHRL -- 3.1.1 General -- 3.1.2 An Effective Investigation -- 3.1.3 Independence and Impartiality -- 3.1.4 Victim Involvement and Transparency -- 3.1.5 A Formal and Professional Investigation and the Margin of Appreciation -- 3.2 Investigation Standards under LOAC -- 3.2.1 General -- 3.2.2 War Crimes -- 3.2.3 A Failure of Precautions -- 3.3 Conclusion -- 4 Translating Investigation Obligations to LOAC Situations -- 4.1 The Interaction between IHRL and LOAC -- 4.2 Classification Issues -- 4.3 International Armed Conflict (IAC) -- 4.4 Non-international Armed Conflict (NIAC) -- 4.5 A Conduct-of-Hostilities Paradigm: Temporal and Geographical Dimensions -- 4.6 Occupation -- 4.6.1 General -- 4.6.2 Troubled Occupation -- 4.6.3 The Use of Force -- 4.7 Conclusion
  • 8.3.2 Jurisdiction and Admissibility -- 8.3.3 The Scope of Review -- 8.4 A Permanent Civilian Expert Body -- 8.4.1 The MPCC (Canada) -- 8.4.2 HMIC (UK) -- 8.4.3 Israel -- 8.5 Conclusion -- Part 4: Looking Forward -- 9 A Proposal for a Permanent Expert Commission -- 9.1 A Question of Mandate -- 9.1.1 General -- 9.1.2 External-Civilian Investigations? -- 9.1.3 IHRL and Lessons Learned from the Civilian Oversight of Police Investigations -- 9.2 The Proposed Mandate -- 10 The Duty to Investigate and Shaping the Normative Discourse -- 10.1 The Difficulties of Investigating -- 10.2 Enhanced Scrutiny and Heavier Burden -- 10.3 State Pushback -- 10.4 A Permanent Expert Commission: Incentives for States -- 10.5 Conclusion -- Table of Treaties and Other International Instruments -- Table of International Cases -- Table of Domestic Instruments -- Table of Domestic Cases -- Bibliography -- Index
  • Part 3: Investigating Civilian Casualties in Practice -- 5 Challenges in Classifying and Identifying the Applicable Normative Framework(s) -- 5.1 'Stretching' a Hostilities Paradigm -- 5.1.1 US -- 5.1.2 UK -- 5.1.3 Israel -- 5.2 'Stretching' a Law-Enforcement Paradigm -- 5.2.1 Iraq -- 5.2.2 Afghanistan -- 5.2.3 oPt -- 5.3 Uncertainty in Relation to the Intensity Test -- 5.4 IAC/NIAC Classification -- 5.5 Further Complications: Additional Legal Sources and Policy Considerations -- 5.5.1 UK, Canada -- 5.5.2 US -- 5.6 The Applicability of IHRL -- 5.6.1 General -- 5.6.2 Effective Control and Provision of Governmental Services -- 5.6.3 Consent of the Local Government -- 5.6.4 Prolonged Occupation -- 5.7 Al-Skeini and B'tselem Cases: Two Sides of a Legal Coin -- 5.7.1 Al-Skeini -- 5.7.2 B'tselem -- 5.8 Conclusion -- 6 Investigation Models and Constraints in Domestic Military Justice Systems -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Models Identified in State Practice -- 6.2.1 The Commander Model -- 6.2.2 The Professional Model -- 6.2.3 A Mixed Model: Mandatory Reporting to a Professional Body in Serious Cases -- 6.3 Conclusion -- 7 Military In-House Investigations and Some Mitigating Arrangements -- 7.1 Command Investigations -- 7.1.1 A Controversial Mechanism -- 7.1.2 Judging Command Investigations in Light of Their Function -- 7.2 Considering Mitigating Arrangements -- 7.2.1 Enhancing the Involvement of Professional Bodies -- 7.2.2 Setting Time Frames and Considering Initial Findings Carefully -- 7.2.3 Openness -- 7.3 Problems with Professional Bodies -- 7.3.1 Failure to Open a Formal and Professional Investigation -- 7.3.2 Problems with the Conduct of Criminal Investigations -- 7.4 Conclusion -- 8 Civilian Oversight of Military Investigations -- 8.1 An Ad Hoc Civilian Investigatory Body -- 8.2 Administrative Review -- 8.3 Judicial Review -- 8.3.1 General