Occupation and Control in International Humanitarian Law
This book presents a systematic analysis of the notion of control in the law of military occupation. The work demonstrates that in present-day occupations, control as such occurs in different forms and variations. The polymorphic features of occupation can be seen in the way states establish control...
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | eBook Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London
Routledge
2021
Taylor and Francis Taylor & Francis Group |
| Edition: | 1 |
| Series: | Routledge Research in the Law of Armed Conflict |
| Subjects: | |
| ISBN: | 0367528045, 0367476649, 9780367476649, 9780367528041 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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Table of Contents:
- Table of cases -- 1. International tribunals -- International Court of Justice (ICJ) -- International Criminal Court (ICC) -- International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) -- International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) -- Special Court for Sierra Leone -- International military tribunals on WWII -- European Commission on Human Rights -- European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) -- UN Human Rights Committee -- Inter-American Commission on Human Rights -- Inter-American Court of Human Rights -- Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission -- Iran-United States Claims Tribunal -- 2. UN resolutions -- Security council -- General assembly -- 3. National courts -- Canada -- Belgium -- Greece -- Israel -- Japan -- United States Military Commission -- United Kingdom -- The Netherlands -- 4. Other relevant documents -- National legislation -- Laws on admitting Crimea and Sevastopol to the Russian -- Federation, 21 March 2014 -- National commissions -- Agreements and peace plans -- Index
- Conclusion -- 3 Relinquishing control over territory -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Legal history -- 2.1 From Brussels 1874 to The Hague 1907 -- 2.1.1 Brussels -- 2.1.2 The Hague -- 2.2 GC IV and relinquishing of control over territory -- 2.3 Article 6 and the general close of military operations -- 2.4 Article 3 AP I 1977 and relinquishing control over the territory -- 2.5 The needed test for relinquishing control in IHL -- 3. Forms of relinquishing control -- 3.1 Complete end of control over territory -- 3.2 Temporary and partial loss of control over parts of a territory -- 3.3 The potential for regaining control -- 3.4 Control retained over territory after withdrawal: Gaza -- 3.5 The ending of indirect (effective) control/occupation exercised by an intermediary -- 3.6 Remaining based on a UN SC mandate -- 3.6.1 The UN SC -- 3.6.2. Iraq and UN SC 1546 -- Conclusion -- 4 The effect of control on substantive obligations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The occupying power's substantive obligations from the perspective of IHL -- 2.1 Forms and degrees of control in GC IV -- 2.2 State obligations during the temporary or partial loss of control over territory -- 3. Is control construed the same way in IHRL and occupation law? -- 3.1 Authority and control over individuals -- 3.2 Control over territory -- 3.3 Degrees of IHRL obligations according to specific contexts -- 4. A contextual approach to state obligations -- 5. IHL and IHRL inter-application -- Conclusion -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 1. Primary sources -- International treaties and instruments -- UN reports -- UN human rights committee concluding observations -- UN commission on human rights -- Other international organisations -- Non-governmental organisation reports -- Historical sources -- Military manuals -- 2. Secondary sources -- Books, articles, and chapters -- Internet and media sources
- Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- List of figures -- List of abbreviations -- Introduction -- Overview -- The notion of control -- Structure of the book -- 1 Effective control in occupation law -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Establishing control -- 2.1 Stepping back in time -- 2.1.1 Authority and control -- 2.1.2 Uprisings and effectivity -- 2.1.3 Exercising authority -- 2.1.4 Occupation duration -- 2.1.5 The Oxford Manual of 1880 -- 2.1.6 The Hague -- 2.1.7 De lege lata -- 2.2 Common Article 2 GCs -- 2.3 Article 1 AP I 1977 -- 2.4 Anatomy of the effective control test -- 2.4.1 Military presence -- 2.4.2 Consent -- 2.4.3 Actual vs. potential control -- 2.4.4 Effective control for qualifying a situation as an occupation -- 3. Joint and shared control: control exercised by an MNF and UN endorsed control -- 3.1 MNF control over territory -- 3.2 UN operations -- 3.3 The formula for ascertaining the responsibility of the UN and troop-contributing states -- Conclusions -- 2 Occupation by an intermediary -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Preliminary remarks -- 1.2 Control over armed groups and subordinate governments/de facto authorities -- 2. Control over an armed group: examples -- 2.1 Croatia exercising control over the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) -- 2.2 Uganda controlling the Congo Liberation Movement (MLC) -- 2.3 Critical appraisal -- 3. Control over de facto authorities: examples -- 3.1 Crimea, Ukraine -- 3.2 Cyprus -- 3.3 Georgia -- 3.3.1 The interrelationship of annexation and occupation -- 3.4 Nagorno Karabakh -- 3.5 Moldova -- 3.5.1 Decisive influence -- 3.5.2 Military presence and consent -- 3.6 Critical appraisal -- 4. IHL's own mechanism for control? -- 4.1 Belonging to a party to the conflict under Article 4 GC III -- 4.2 The potentiality of Article 29 GC IV